Abstract
Gas hydrate solids occurrence is considered as one of the serious challenges in flow assurance as it affects the hydrocarbon production significantly, especially in deep water gas fields. The most cost-effective method to inhibit the formation of hydrate in pipelines is by injecting a hydrate inhibitor agent. Continuous studies have led to a comprehensive understanding on the use of low dosage hydrate inhibitors such as ionic liquid and quaternary ammonium salts which are also known as dual function gas hydrate inhibitors. This paper covers the latest types of quaternary ammonium salts (2020–2016) and a summary of findings which are essential for future studies. Reviews on the effects of length of ionic liquids alkyl chain, average suppression temperatures, hydrate dissociation enthalpies, and electrical conductivity to the effectiveness of the quaternary ammonium salts as gas hydrate inhibitors are included.
Highlights
In developing deep water gas fields, the development-gathering mode of “drilling platform-underwater production submarine pipelines” is often implemented [1].The submarine pipelines are the crucial components that provide transportation means of natural gas to flow from the reservoir wellbore to different types of deep water floating platforms such as large multi-functional semi-submersible platform (Semi-FPS), tension leg platform (TLP) [2], compliant piled tower (CPT) and deep-draft single column platform (Spar)
Due to no strong chemical bonds exist between the gas and water molecules [8], there is potential of the gas molecules to be released from the water molecules cage [9], which contributes to the flow assurance issues
This paper covers on different types of quaternary salts (QAS) for gas hydrate inhibition for different type of gases at variety of operating conditions, concentrations, and by using different methods
Summary
In developing deep water gas fields (about 3000 m water depth), the development-gathering mode of “drilling platform-underwater production submarine pipelines” is often implemented [1].The submarine pipelines are the crucial components that provide transportation means of natural gas to flow from the reservoir wellbore to different types of deep water floating platforms such as large multi-functional semi-submersible platform (Semi-FPS), tension leg platform (TLP) [2], compliant piled tower (CPT) and deep-draft single column platform (Spar). High static water pressure, long tieback distance, and the composition of the gas, gas hydrate solids will possibly occur in riser, subsea trees or subsea pipeline. Gas hydrates are ice-like, crystalline compounds of gas and water [3] that exist at a suitable range of high pressures and low temperatures. It consists of variety of gas molecules such as methane, ethane, propane, isobutene, n-butane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, etc. Due to no strong chemical bonds exist between the gas and water molecules [8], there is potential of the gas molecules to be released from the water molecules cage [9], which contributes to the flow assurance issues.
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