Review of Great Lakes in 50 Maps

As an editorial advisor to the Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society (AEHMS), it is with great enthusiasm and joy to personally congratulate and, at the same time, celebrate AEHMS’ 20 years of active professional and scientific activities to protect and conserve global aquatic resources. Promotion of the ecosystem approach and management has become the most important mandate for the Society, not only in the western world, but also globally especially in the developing regions such as Africa, Middle East, South America, India, China and Malaysia. AEHMS was founded by Dr. Mohiuddin (Mohi) Munawar who currently serves as its president and Chief Editor of its primary journal Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management (AEHM). Under Dr. Munawar's leadership, AEHMS and its journal have flourished and produced numerous landmark publications on the Laurentian Great Lakes and Great Lakes of the world … a tribute to Dr. Munawar's dedication and passion for sharing timely information on aquatic ecosystems with a global community.Dr. Munawar has made significant contributions to Great Lakes science, beginning his research career in 1969 as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with Dr. R. A. Vollenweider. Mohi Munawar is one of the world's leading experts on phytoplankton dynamics and ecology in large lakes of the world and his research on the microbial food web has led to an understanding of how the lower food web functions in large oligotrophic freshwater lake ecosystems like the Great Lakes. If there was ever a ‘Hall of Famer’ award for an individual who is a respected scientist and has devoted his career to the Great Lakes and large lakes of the world, it is Dr. Mohi Munawar. Mohi has given over 350 scientific presentations at conferences, including plenary and keynote addresses, with a focus on the Laurentian Great Lakes and Great Lakes of the world. In addition, he has been a prolific writer publishing over 230 primary publications in international journals and peer-reviewed books. He has received numerous prestigious awards for his contributions to Great Lakes science including IAGLR's Chandler-Misener Award and the Anderson-Everett Award, an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Science, Goteborg University, Sweden, and Canada's Assistant Deputy Minister's Distinction Award, in recognition of leadership and outstanding scientific contributions on behalf of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. In 2012, Dr. Munawar was awarded the prestigious International Association of Great Lakes Research (IAGLR) Lifetime Achievement Award in recognition of his outstanding contributions to understanding and promoting the protection of large lakes of the world.Dr. Munawar's passion for the Great Lakes and enthusiasm for organizing symposia on ‘The State of the Great Lakes’ at forums like IAGLR has culminated in several comprehensive, peer reviewed books for each of the Laurentian Great Lakes, a significant accomplishment indeed. In fact, in a short period of about 15 years, his ability to bring together Great Lakes scientists to share ideas, concepts, and information, has resulted in 10 peer-reviewed books, eight of which targeted the Laurentian Great Lakes. In addition, as chief editor of the journal AEHM, Dr. Munawar spearheaded five special issues devoted to the Great Lakes. These books and special journal issues are landmark publications that will serve the scientific, stakeholder, and management communities well into the future. As a result, the rest of the world has learned about North America's Great Lakes through Mohi's efforts – a significant outcome that has been the result of hard work, dedication, passion, and leadership.I am pleased to have been a part of AEHMS’ evolution, growth, and success over the past 20 years and look forward to a healthy and productive AEHMS in the coming decades. Congratulations to Dr. Munawar and his staff for their professional dedication and distinguished contributions to AEHMS. Aquatic resources globally have greatly benefitted from your superb contributions.

Institute Profile: The Large Lakes Observatory and the Scientific Study of the Large Lakes of Earth

Methods for estimating fish production in aquatic ecosystems range from simple empirically derived estimators, such as morphoedaphic indices, to complex ecosystem simulation models. As first-order estimators, the former are attractive to managers because they are simple and relatively inexpensive to apply and interpret. Application of the latter group has been limited because many of the data inputs are difficult and expensive to obtain. Between these extremes are several models, such as the biomass–size spectrum model, that provide useful information for moderate expenditures of time and effort. Existing and new methods are reviewed in the light of production theory and several are applied to Great Lakes and Lake Winnipeg data. Eight empirical models derived from limnological variables were selected from the literature and used to estimate potential fish yield for the Great Lakes and Lake Winnipeg. The models predicted a fairly narrow range of potential yields, but when compared with historic yields, none was consistent for all lakes. The best overall empirically derived estimator of potential yield in the Great Lakes was the morphoedaphic index. Potential fish production estimated from invertebrate production with Borgmann's biomass – size spectrum model was considerably greater than historic yields or the yield estimates from the empirical models. In a third approach, we calculated life history parameters for "small" and "large" fish in the Great Lakes and combined these with Borgmann's production model, empirical information on population production/biomass ratios from the literature, and classical population dynamics theory to estimate potential production and optimum sustained yield for each group. Historic sustained yield, as a percentage of optimum sustained yield, varied from a low of 6 for "small" Lake Ontario fish to 100 for "large" Lake Erie fish.

Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories, Canada, differs regionally in trophic status and local and regional inputs of contaminants. Spatial and temporal trends in contaminant levels in bioindicator species such as colonial waterbirds could offer insights into the potential for contaminant bioaccumulation in Great Slave Lake. Persistent chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants, mercury (Hg), and selenium (Se) were examined in herring gull ( Larus argentatus ) eggs and livers collected from various locations on Great Slave Lake in 1995. Eggs were collected in May and June, and livers in May and August. Also, the relationship between contaminants and trophic level, as inferred from stable-nitrogen isotope analysis (delta 15N), was examined in four colonial waterbird species: herring gull, mew gull ( L. canus ), Caspian tern (Sterna caspia ), and black tern ( Chlidonias niger ). Finally, the co-accumulation of mercury and selenium was examined in eggs of these birds. There were no differences in chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations among four sampling sites (colonies). Concentrations did not differ between herring gull adults collected in early May and those collected in early August. Chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in eggs of herring gull, mew gull, Caspian tern, and black tern were related to their trophic positions as inferred from their delta 15N values in their lipid-free egg yolks. Concentrations in these colonial waterbirds were much higher than those in fish from Great Slave Lake, but lower than those in their conspecifics from the Great Lakes. It is probable that a relatively large proportion of the chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminant load in colonial waterbird eggs on Great Slave Lake results from exposure to and storage of such contaminants at more heavily contaminated wintering and staging areas. This possibility limits the usefulness of colonial waterbirds as indicators of chlorinated hydrocarbon bioaccumulation in Great Slave Lake. Selenium and mercury concentrations in herring gull eggs differed significantly among the four breeding colonies, and concentrations in adults declined between May and August. Selenium and mercury were positively correlated in eggs of all species. Key words: black tern, Caspian tern, Great Slave Lake, herring gull, mew gull, mercury, organochlorines, selenium

The Laurentian Great Lakes and the Swedish Great Lakes both have a long history of being invaded by non-native species, although the total number reported in the former system far exceeds that in the latter. Until about the 1980s, non-native species that had the greatest ecosystem and/or socioeconomic impacts in both systems were controlled, or their negative impacts ameliorated by management actions; most prominent of these species were the Sea Lamprey and Alewife in the Laurentian Great Lakes, and Crayfish plague in the Swedish Great Lakes. In the 1980s, a number of species native to the Ponto-Caspian region were introduced into the Laurentian Great Lakes via the ballast water of transoceanic ships, and these species had significant ecosystem impacts, could not be controlled by management actions, and changed the way these lake resources were managed. Similar introductions have not occurred in the Swedish Great Lakes, but many of the same species that have impacted the Laurentian Great Lakes are spreading in European systems and in the Baltic Sea, and thus could pose an invasion risk to lakes in Sweden. Based on experiences in the Laurentian Great Lakes, it seems prudent to conduct a thorough assessment of these invaders relative to potential vectors of introduction for the Swedish Great Lakes. Also, an assessment of long-term monitoring programs is in order. Long-term data provides baseline information of the ecosystem and tracks ecosystem responses if indeed an invader becomes established.

For centuries the Great Lakes have been treated callously These five magnificent lakes—Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario—located along the eastern half of the Canadian–U.S. border have served as a virtual sewer catching waste from industry, agriculture, commercial shipping, and households. Their natural barriers to other water systems have been breached, exposing indigenous ecosystems to aggressive invaders. They’ve been used as a highway for colossal ships that require deepened and broadened channels to crisscross the lakes, and that import exotic species along with their intended cargo. At times it could seem that this long-suffering water system will see no end of indignities. But recent renewed focus on the unique and tremendous value of this resource by governments and communities surrounding the lakes may turn the tide of neglect and abuse. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Great Lakes contain 21% of the Earth’s and about 84% of United States’ surface freshwater. That’s about 22,000 cubic kilometers of water spread over 94,250 square miles. Each year the lakes provide more than 6.7 million cubic meters of water to municipalities and quadruple that to industry. They support a commercial fishery worth about $13 million as of 2002, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and a sport-fishing industry of nearly $1.3 billion as of 2001, according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Today about 25% of Canadians and 10% of Americans—a total of more than 33 million people—live in the Great Lakes watershed. “The whole industrial expansion that took place during the ‘robber baron’ era [of the late nineteenth century] expanded along the shores of the Great Lakes,” says Deborah Swackhamer, a University of Minnesota professor of environmental chemistry. Soon ships were carrying iron ore, coal, and limestone from mines and quarries to steel mills and later steel to factories and products to markets. In addition to serving as a transportation system, the lakes provided a place to discharge manufacturing by-products. Unlike a sewer, however, whatever enters this lake system stays awhile. On average, less than 1% of the five lakes’ water turns over each year, which means that many pollutants stay in place. They settle in sediments, adhere to other surfaces, become suspended in water, and bioaccumulate in organisms. Similarly, with the exception of migratory birds, most wildlife in the basin spend their entire life cycle in or near the lakes. As a result of all these stressors, the lakes now house fish that are dangerous to eat, water that can be unsafe to drink, anoxic “dead zones”—areas in which virtually no plants or animals can survive—that appear each summer like clockwork, and an ever-growing population of unwanted species from other parts of the world.

A definition of the term “great lake” is proposed based on the midsummer epilimnion depth. Several patterns of zooplankton distribution were discovered in North American great lakes. They were mostly a function of the following five characteristics: temperature distribution (Lake Ontario, Lake Superior, and Great Slave Lake); inflow and outflow configurations (Lake Winnipeg and Great Slave Lake); geology and drainage basin type (Lake Winnipeg and Great Slave Lake); basin morphology (Lake Erie, Lake Superior, and Great Slave L.); climate differences within the system (Lake Winnipeg). A high degree of heterogeneity was characteristic for all of the lakes but each of them developed a specific pattern determined by a specific set of external factors (climate, geology of the drainage area, hydrology) and morphology. These findings contradict some paradigms on great lakes as formulated in the preamble to this symposium. Climate (latitude and air and lake temperature) and lake morphology seem to be the primary factors controlling zooplankton abundance among large lakes. Regressions describing these relationships are presented.KeywordsGreat LakeLarge LakeWater Residence TimeZooplankton AbundanceCrustacean ZooplanktonThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This publication is a user guide for an archive of morphological data recorded by various authors from North American ciscoes of the Coregonus artedi species complex (subfamily Coregoninae). The archive is accessible from the Great Lakes Fishery Commission’s (GLFC) server, is open access, and contains data for the Laurentian Great Lakes; Lake Nipigon, Ontario; and Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories. The archive comprises morphometrics and meristics (together metrics) for 6,700 individual Cisco of which 1,400 are accompanied by images. In addition, the archive contains metrics presented as arrays by W. N. Koelz, Coregonid fishes of the Great Lakes, Bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries 43(2):297-643, which were based on 10,000 individuals. Spreadsheets in the Metrics folder of the archive are divided broadly into Contemporary and Historical subfolders and the Contemporary subfolder is further divided into Cisco Monograph and Extra Monograph subfolders to encourage statistical assessment of findings in GLFC Miscellaneous Publication 2023. The Images folder is organized into subfolders by lake. Tables in this user guide allow for quick determination of the availability of data by lake, subspecies, author, and year.

The Mackenzie Basin in northwestern Canada is a high-latitude region, with one of the largest watersheds in the world. The Mackenzie great lakes, consisting of Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca form the large lake complex. The human presence in the area is small in terms of population and industry and thus these ecosystems remain comparatively pristine and show no major changes in the fish communities. Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE), the most important and most used ecosystem trophic network modelling tool to study the ecosystem-level responses to changes, and information available in the scientific literature together with traditional knowledge about Great Slave Lake and Great Bear Lake was used to elucidate the ecosystem attributes. Our models give a cohesive view of these two ecosystems that will allow researchers and decision makers to explore questions regarding the stability of fisheries and future ecological change. The moderate trophic level of fish catch along with the small percentage of primary production required to sustain fisheries in both lakes demonstrated that fisheries were sustainable during the time period modelled. The ecosystem indices and attributes of the comparatively pristine Mackenzie great lakes were compared with those of two Laurentian Great Lakes having similar types of Ecopath ecosystem models. The metrics utilized to assess comparatively the ecosystem's maturity, stability and health indicated a decline in ecosystem maturity and stability from pristine Great Bear Lake to transitioning Lake Ontario.

Journal of Periodontal ResearchVolume 15, Issue 3 p. 338-340 The apparent noninvolvement of the B. Fragilis group in early periodontal disease E. J. Mueller II, Corresponding Author E. J. Mueller II Naval Dental Research Institute, Great Lakes, Illinois, U.S.A.Address: Microbiology Division, Naval Dental Research Institute, Naval Base, Bldg. 1-H, Great Lakes, IL 60088, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorC. V. Mayo, Corresponding Author C. V. Mayo Naval Dental Research Institute, Great Lakes, Illinois, U.S.A.Address: Microbiology Division, Naval Dental Research Institute, Naval Base, Bldg. 1-H, Great Lakes, IL 60088, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorM. R. Wirthlin, Corresponding Author M. R. Wirthlin Naval Dental Research Institute, Great Lakes, Illinois, U.S.A.Address: Microbiology Division, Naval Dental Research Institute, Naval Base, Bldg. 1-H, Great Lakes, IL 60088, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorE. B. Hancock, Corresponding Author E. B. Hancock Naval Dental Research Institute, Great Lakes, Illinois, U.S.A.Address: Microbiology Division, Naval Dental Research Institute, Naval Base, Bldg. 1-H, Great Lakes, IL 60088, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorI. L. Shklair, Corresponding Author I. L. Shklair Naval Dental Research Institute, Great Lakes, Illinois, U.S.A.Address: Microbiology Division, Naval Dental Research Institute, Naval Base, Bldg. 1-H, Great Lakes, IL 60088, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author E. J. Mueller II, Corresponding Author E. J. Mueller II Naval Dental Research Institute, Great Lakes, Illinois, U.S.A.Address: Microbiology Division, Naval Dental Research Institute, Naval Base, Bldg. 1-H, Great Lakes, IL 60088, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorC. V. Mayo, Corresponding Author C. V. Mayo Naval Dental Research Institute, Great Lakes, Illinois, U.S.A.Address: Microbiology Division, Naval Dental Research Institute, Naval Base, Bldg. 1-H, Great Lakes, IL 60088, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorM. R. Wirthlin, Corresponding Author M. R. Wirthlin Naval Dental Research Institute, Great Lakes, Illinois, U.S.A.Address: Microbiology Division, Naval Dental Research Institute, Naval Base, Bldg. 1-H, Great Lakes, IL 60088, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorE. B. Hancock, Corresponding Author E. B. Hancock Naval Dental Research Institute, Great Lakes, Illinois, U.S.A.Address: Microbiology Division, Naval Dental Research Institute, Naval Base, Bldg. 1-H, Great Lakes, IL 60088, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorI. L. Shklair, Corresponding Author I. L. Shklair Naval Dental Research Institute, Great Lakes, Illinois, U.S.A.Address: Microbiology Division, Naval Dental Research Institute, Naval Base, Bldg. 1-H, Great Lakes, IL 60088, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1980 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1980.tb00289.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume15, Issue3June 1980Pages 338-340 RelatedInformation

The Ratio of DDE to PCB Concentrations in Great Lakes Herring Gull Eggs and its Use in Interpreting Contaminants Data

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV3) is a viral disease of fish first detected in the United States in 1998. Since that time, mortality events in common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) have occurred in several locations within the Great Lakes basin, but not within the Great Lakes themselves. We sampled 675 carp from 20 sites across the Great Lakes and Lake St. Clair, Michigan, USA, between 19 July and 26 September 2010. We tested the gill and a pooled internal organ sample from each fish for CyHV3 with the use of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Virus was detected in 18 fish from nine sites in four lakes (Lakes Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, and Ontario). Tissues from these 18 fish were also tested for CyHV3 with the use of the PCR assay recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health; amplification was achieved from two fish and confirmation by sequencing of CyHV3 from one fish collected in Lake St. Clair. The results of this study suggest that CyHV3 is present in the Great Lakes.

Population genetic diversity and phylogeographic divergence patterns of the yellow perch ( Perca flavescens)

State of the Lake Ontario Ecosystem: Introduction to an Ecosystem Perspective on a Vital Resource

The use of sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic models is often required to simulate the spatial and temporal variability of water quality in large lakes. Recently, coupled lake–atmosphere models have also been developed to resolve the spatial distribution of the thermal behavior in lakes and to assess the feedback mechanisms at the air–water interface. In the studies summarized in this paper, the 3D Estuary and Lake Computer Model (ELCOM) acts as the hydrodynamic driver that provides temperature, salinity, and the transport fields that, if coupled with the Computational Aquatic Ecosystem Dynamics Model (CAEDYM), simulates nutrients, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic habitat. This study presents a summary of the performance of ELCOM, and in an indirect form, serves as well as a corroboration of the strength or weakness of the coupled modeling and its ability to reproduce the thermal structure and circulation patterns, with examples from the Laurentian Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario), Northern Great Lakes (Great Slave Lake and Great Bear Lake), and Lake Winnipeg in Central Canada.