Review of Drink Maps in Victorian Britain

Neo-Victorianism is described as a genre in critical and fictional writing which alters our perspective of past and present by bringing two different centuries into focus. From a new genre which is rooted in the past and strongly attached to the present, arise analytical comparisons and alternative-creative works. Victorian England is a vantage point for the Industrial Revolution; when contemporary readers and critics trace effects and results of major social, economic and intellectual changes in the twenty-first century back to their source, Victorian England appears as a model for the industrial shift in Europe. This situation justifies the choice of setting for a great number of Victorian and Neo-Victorian novels: among numerous nineteenth-century settlements, Victorian London becomes prominent. London is a designed spot in time and space which is laden with success in industrial production to become a role model, but at the same time with its characteristics such as the heavy burden of urbanisation, showing itself in over-populated places, filthy and inhumane living and working conditions; it exhibits the downside of the industrialisation period. Social and institutional vices of industrialism are portrayed in historical documents as well as literary works in settlements and places of the nineteenth-century: factories, workhouses, slums, hospitals, asylums, and colonies. Period-specific developments are measured through recorded personal and social stories, coming from every class of society, belonging to every age, gender and ethnicity, in the motherland as well as colonies. Moving from the philosophies influencing mainly the first half of the twentieth century, it is argued that contemporary theories show a growing interest on perception, representation and production of space. This article aims to emphasize the set of relations between the concepts of belonging, identity and otherness in the light of the theories on heterotopias and third spaces in Peter Carey’s Jack Maggs, which is a Neo-Victorian rewriting of Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations.

The aim of the study is to substantiate the ambiguity of the central female character in Charles Dickens’ novel “Dombey and Son” (1846-1848), Florence Dombey, who significantly deviates from the typical image of a Victorian woman as an “angel in the house”. Florence, along with other Dickens characters such as Agnes Copperfield (“David Copperfield”, 1850), Esther Summerson (“Bleak House”, 1853) and Amy Dorrit (“Little Dorrit”, 1855-1857), is usually seen as the embodiment of the Victorian ideal of a woman who subordinates her life to the service of the family, a dominant role in which belongs to a man. From the point of view of gender literary research, especially in feminist interpretations, the embodiment of Florence as a stereotypical female role model in a Victorian patriarchal society makes her a flat and disappointing figure, a trivial character acting as a typical victim of the patriarchal system, and her desire for paternal love is interpreted as masochistic, since female masochism serves as a rather convenient fiction for patriarchal domination. Throughout the novel, Florence follows the path of becoming a standard Victorian woman with her inherent social functions: daughters, sisters, wives and mothers. Despite this, the character, behavior, and actions of the heroine are described by Dickens in a contradictory manner, which prompted us to hypothesize that Florence’s image is atypical for the Victorian novel and Victorian society. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the hypothesis put forward in the article and the justification of Florence’s ambivalent features, which do not fit into the image of an “angel in the house”. This article reveals the inconsistency of Florence’s image with the canon of “angel in the house” in the context of character development through the following prisms: 1) the father and daughter relationship – Florence as a threat; 2) Florence and Walter – the story of Dick Whittington, the story of class elevation through marriage; 3) Florence, Edith and Alice – the creation of two types of romantic heroines with intertwining destinies: virtuous “noble” and marginalized “fallen”. The results of the study confirm that Florence to some extent corresponds to the characteristic of an “angel in the house” within the framework of the Victorian patriarchal society, given her identity as a “daughter, wife and mother”, and her ambivalence is a response to the symbolic condensation of patriarchal substance in the image of the father, which gives socio-cultural value exclusively to relationships along the family line “father and son”. From the point of view of considering Florence as the main character in the upbringing novel, the article analyzes the atypical nature of Florence for the “angel in the house” paradigm in three senses: 1) in her relationship with Dombey, her father, in which she openly challenges him; 2) in her relationship with Walter, in which she assumes a leading role; 3) in the relationship between Florence, Edith and Alice, based on the symbolism of “hair”, drawn in order to prove that Florence actually stands at a crossroads, at the boundary separating the “angel in the house” from the “fallen women”. The mentioned trials, which put Florence in a borderline position, guarantee her becoming a well-educated person at the end of the novel.

The French poet, Paul Val6ry said once that . . every doctrine, every sentiment, if carried pedantically to its ultimate conclusion, must lead to the destruction of Now let me offer some suggestions regarding the historical significance of the modern movement. It seems to me that what we are witnessing today is a change in moral concepts. All morality is a restriction and modification of natural man. If man were good by nature, no morality would be needed; he would always want to do what he should do-a state of affairs that ancient writers like Ovid attributed to a mythical golden age of the past, but which has not existed in historical time. Victorian morality and the morality of many earlier ages put the emphasis on the restriction of sexuality. the Victorian age, to be moral meant for a woman never to have been touched by a man except her husband. For a man, it did not mean exactly that; but it still meant a considerable degree of discretion. On the other hand, the Victorian age had little compunction against war and accepted it more or less as one of the facts of life. Social stratification with enormous distance between the highest and the lowest was equally accepted; in the magnificent large English country homes, a maid quartered in the top floor did not even have each a bed to herself. our day, things have completely turned around. Sexuality is now considered as practically needing no restriction whatsoever. On the other hand, the expression of aggression in fighting, and the mitigated expression of aggressiveness in the form of status differentiation-one man considering himself as better than another man and looking down on him-is absolutely and completely condemned. The change is from a form of morality that restricted sexuality while making generous allowance for aggression, to a form of morality that is permissive to sexuality but outlaws aggression. Only those whose youth was still cast in the Victorian or Edwardian age can fully realize the magnitude of the change. Only half a century ago, at the beginning of the First World War in 1914, the British Minister of War, Field Marshall Lord Kitchener, said in his order to the British Expeditionary Force which every soldier had to carry in his pay book on his body and which formulated the rules of conduct for the soldier: In this new experience you may find temptations both in wine and women. You must entirely resist both temptations and, while treating all women with perfect courtesy, you should avoid all inti19661

Reviewed by: Liberty and Authority in Victorian Britain Antony Taylor Liberty and Authority in Victorian Britain. Edited by Peter Mandler. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. viii, 254 pp. £55.00. ISBN 019927133X. In recent years the edited collection has become a debased genre. Whereas once edited collections provided a platform for a number of scholars in a related field to pool ideas and reflect at leisure over a particular set of issues, these days it has become a way of providing a fast, easy book to answer the needs of the Research Assessment Exercise. Edited collections often suffer from the same drawbacks. They ride on the back of a conference, frequently suffer from a lack of coherence, and are produced with the minimum of editing. Introductions are often pared down at best. Conclusions are partial or non-existent. It is refreshing, therefore, to encounter an edited collection that bucks the trend. Peter Mandler's edited essays entitled Liberty and Authority in Victorian Britain arose from a conference 'Locating the Victorians' held in 2001 at the Science Museum, Kensington, to mark the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Great Exhibition and the 100 years since the death of Queen Victoria. Mandler has mobilized a formidable list of contributors to mark the occasion: Jonathan Parry, Eugenio Biagini, Margot Finn, Philip Harling, Helen Rogers, Arthur Burns and Boyd Hilton are amongst the celebrity contributors to this volume. All share specialisms in aspects of the politics and society of Victorian Britain that make them unusually well placed to provide an overview of this subject. Moreover, the book presents a tightly argued thematic narrative about the location of power and authority in Victorian Britain, and the nature and extent of opposition to it. In some ways it provides an update on the traditional themes of the emergence of the Victorian state, and its management of internal disunity and dissent. This, however, is an unfashionable book, and all the better for that. As the nineteenth century is increasingly absorbed by the eighteenth century, and Victorian Britain is reduced to a rump covering the post-1832 period and highlighting those issues that cannot conveniently be identified with the twentieth century, it is unusual to see such a confident restatement of the key themes of high Victorianism. Even Philip Harling, who, given his recent work, might reasonably be expected to develop the links between eighteenth- and nineteenth-century views of the state, spends relatively little time on cataloguing the eighteenth-century antecedents of nineteenth-century governing forms. In addition this is a book that ranges beyond purely cultural readings of the nineteenth century. Indeed in the preface Mandler states that the conference on which it was based 'met with a rush of creative proposals on matters roughly "cultural", while politics and the economy elicited few or no proposals'. This strand, then, was always intended to redress the balance. After a long period in which 'culture' has supplanted politics in the nineteenth century, this book is a timely reminder of the centrality of political discourses in Victorian Britain. The essays themselves are based largely on secondary sources, and revisit older themes, rather than presenting new perspectives. Nevertheless there is a good coverage of politics, gender issues, the Church, the world of ideas, the law, market discipline, and governing institutions. As Jonathan Parry points out in a searching piece, the power and effectiveness of the Victorian state, it seems, was always tempered by the conscience of christians and local custom and usage. Given current preoccupations with the empire, one might have wished for more on imperial themes, although Margot Finn's essay on legal authority [End Page 258] does spend some time on colonial legal structures and the import of British judicial models into the colonies of white settlement in particular, whilst Eugenio Biagini examines the invasion of Egypt in 1882. Some traditional areas of study are notable by their absence. Chartism, once the mainstay of nineteenth-century study, has only a walk-on part. Here the volume broadly subscribes to recent 'continuity' ideas within popular politics; Eugenio Biagini and Jonathan Parry present plausible arguments for notions of political 'liberty' residing as much within popular liberalism and politicized nonconformity...

<i>Leah Price</i> How to Do Things with Books in Victorian Britain<i>How to Do Things with Books in Victorian Britain</i>. Leah Price. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012. Pp. vii+350.

&lt;p class="Default"&gt;The aim of this research is to know about Language Register that being used in the Victorian Era. 1) How Industrial Revolution effects on the language choices in a Victorian Era, 2) What the expressions of Register Language are used in the Victorian Era, and 3) How Language Register cannot be separated from the use of language styles. The design of this research is a qualitative descriptive study with content analysis to find out about the context, purposes, and content messages of utterances in the communication. Analyzing and making inferences about the utterances producers as the addressors and the audience as the addressee of the text. It has found problems in society during Victorian era, especially to harsh conditions of orphans and children during the Industrial revolution which is the main focus. 1) Realism projected in realistic characters and setting, comprehensive detail about everyday occurrences, plausible plot, dialects of community, character development, and the importance in depicting social class. These elements are the background for choosing words, choosing language in all utterances between speakers, each character. Representing the use of language in the Victorian Era. 2). Many register languages are used, there are types of Register variation expressions used, the choice of lexical in a conversation sentence that refers to the context of the situation, the context of addressee and addressors, also the typical language variation used in the Victorian era. In the context of the situation, the register also influenced of choosing the right sequence of sentences intended by the interlocutor, in a particular situation. 3). There are variety of language in utterances where style is widely used. Utterances in daily context of living in the Victorian Era occurring in every conversation between speakers. This research is expected to be useful in obtaining information about Register Language and the advantages for English second Language learner and Learning English for special purposes. Broaden vocabulary and sentences of a Register Language can affect the ability of communication skill especially speaking skill.&lt;/p&gt;

The label of the ‘Victorian sage’ has been employed increasingly widely in recent criticism to describe the tradition of oracular rhetoric in nineteenth‐century prose deriving from Carlyle. This ‘sage discourse’ has up till now only been defined in formalist terms, as consisting of certain characteristic assumptions about the use and validity of rhetoric. This article suggests that it is possible to historicize the notion of the ‘Victorian sage’ by linking it to the Scottish tradition of ‘Common Sense philosophy’ that was extremely influential in Britain up till the 1870s. The key feature of Common Sense philosophy from this perspective is the importance it attaches to the use of language in philosophical argument. Rhetoric in the Common Sense school's view embodies an implicit form of knowledge, an attitude which the article suggests also underlies the markedly rhetorical forms of argument used by ‘Victorian Sages’. Common Sense philosophy assesses philosophical arguments from an ontological perspective, namely what kind of relationship to a thinker's social environment a philosophy promotes, and this perspective can be seen to underlie the turn to biographical and autobiographical modes of writing in nineteenth‐century prose.

This guide accompanies the following article: ‘I mak Bould to Wrigt’: First‐person Narratives in the History of Poverty in England, c. 1750–1900, History Compass 9/5 (2011): 365–373, DOI: 10.1111/j.1478‐0542.2011.00774.x Author’s Introduction Histories of the experience of poverty are hampered in the period before widespread literacy, owing to the infrequency with which the words of the poor could be inscribed privately and the mediated qualities of public or third‐party recordings (for example, where testimony was given by the poor in their capacity as defendants in criminal trials). Yet comprehension of the gradations of material poverty, and the social allegiances or divisions that it inspired, are vital to our understanding of nineteenth‐century society and can reveal some surprising disjunctions in what we think we know. Jane Humphries’ recent research on autobiographies recalling child labour, for instance, presses for a refocusing of our attention on the role of children in the industrial revolution. Therefore, a programme of work which considers the perceptions and experiences of poverty by drawing on first‐person testimonies can provide detailed insight into lived experience, and has the potential to destabilise our assumptions about the mass of ordinary working people. Author Recommends J. Burnett, D. Vincent and D. Mayall (eds.), The Autobiography of the Working Class. An Annotated Critical Bibliography (New York: New York University Press, 1984–1989), 3 volumes. A calendar of over 3000 working‐class autobiographies with an excellent index. Not all of the autobiographies listed have been published. R. Gagnier, Subjectivities. A History of Self‐Representation in Britain, 1832–1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991). A pioneering and interdisciplinary work about autobiography. J. Humphries, Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010). A recent work which deploys working‐class autobiographies as both qualitative and quantitative sources to reconfigure our understanding of children’s collective contribution to the industrial revolution. S. King, Poverty and Welfare in England 1700–1850 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000). A textbook coverage of the transition from the old poor law to the new. P. Sharpe (eds.), Chronicling Poverty. The Voices and Strategies of the English Poor, 1640–1840 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997). The published papers of a conference held in London in January 1995, drawing together some authors central to the debate about the use of narratives to analyse the experience of poverty (particularly pauper letters). K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the Labouring Poor. Social Change and Agrarian England, 1660–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). A wide‐ranging book that considers a startling variety of testimonies including settlement examinations and fictional accounts of poverty. T. Sokoll (ed.), Essex Pauper Letters, 1731–1837 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). An edited collection of the raw material, with useful introductory essays about how to scrutinise this genre. D. Vincent, Bread, Knowledge and Freedom. A Study of Nineteenth‐Century Working‐Class Autobiography (London: Methuen, 1981). An early attempt to make use of the calendaring of working‐class autobiographies, with a particular focus on the history of working‐class family life and experiences of education. Online Materials The Workhouse http://www.workhouses.org/ An excellent website providing information about the Poor Law, pictures of workhouses and extracts of sources relating to workhouse life. Charles Booth Online Archive http://www.lse.ac.uk/booth/ Includes original documents from his survey of London poverty 1886–1903. Syllabus for a course on English poverty, from the final decade of the eighteenth century to the first decade of the twentieth : published first‐person narratives from observers of the poor which may be mined to provide a focus for discussion include: C. Booth, Life and Labour of the People in London (1902). M. Higgs, Glimpse into the Abyss (1906). J. London, People of the Abyss (1903) [full text online at http://www.jacklondons.net/writings/PeopleOfTheAbyss/toc.html ] H. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor (1851–1862) volume 1 [full text online at Google books]. B. S. Rowntree, Poverty. A Study of Town Life (1901) [full text available via Google books], chapter 4. Texts written by the poor can be identified in Burnett et al. (referenced above). Topics for Lecture and Discussion Week I: Contexts and Methodologies: From Social History to Cultural History, and Back Again? Journal of Social History 37:1 (2003) [special edition considering the relationship between social and cultural histories]. Week II: Statutory Change: Out With the Old Poor Law, in With the New Suggested primary focus: C. Shaw, When I was a Child (1903), chapters 13 and 14 [which, at the time of writing, is being made available full‐text online at http://www.thepotteries.org/focus/011.htm ] OR J. Greenwood, ‘A Night in a Workhouse’, Pall Mall Gazette (1866), 12 January onwards [full text online at <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink

Foreword by Adam Hart-Davis Introduction 1. Cambridge: the rise and fall of the mathematical tripos 2. Mathematics in Victorian Oxford: a tale of three professors 3. Mathematics in the metropolis: a survey of Victorian London 4. Scotland: land of opportunity but few rewards 5. Taking root: Mathematics in Victorian Ireland 6. Wranglers in Exile: mathematics in the British Empire 7. A voice for mathematics: Victorian mathematical journals and societies 8. Victorian 'applied mathematics' 9. Victorian astronomy: the age of the 'Grand Amateur' 10. Calculating engines: machines, mathematics, and misconceptions 11. Vital statistics: the measurement of public health 12. Darwinian variation and the creation of mathematical statistics 13. Instruction in the calculus and differential equations in Victorian and Edwardian Britain 14. Geometry: the Euclid debate 15. Victorian algebra: the freedom to create new mathematical entities 16. Victorian logic: from Whately to Russell 17. Combinatorics: a very Victorian recreation 18. Overstating their case? Reflections on British pure mathematics in the 19th century

Fingersmith's Coda:Feminism and Victorian Studies Cora Kaplan (bio) This past spring I found myself preparing an undergraduate lecture on Sarah Waters's much praised novel Fingersmith (2002) as a contemporary coda to a course on Victorian Literature. Waters's twisty, tasty tale that takes its switched at birth heroines from thieves den to country house and madhouse, imitating and queering Charles Dickens and Wilkie Collins as it rolls along, is proof, if proof were needed, that the Victorian period and its literary legacies are still able to engage and entertain today's writers and their audiences.1Fingersmith and Waters's two earlier faux Victorian fictions, Tipping the Velvet (1998) and Affinity (1999), all quickly adapted for television, belong to a long tradition of pastiche Victoriana reaching back to the late 1960s. It seemed important that students be made aware of the political and critical genealogy of the genre, so that they might place Waters's work within the new millennium's rethinking of Victorian history, politics and culture. Sarah Waters has a PhD in literature from the very institution in which I was giving my lecture; she has said that her research on lesbian historical fiction suggested to her the potential of an underdeveloped genre. In its citation and imitation of their work, Fingersmith paid generous tribute to Victorian novelists; it also has a considerable indebtedness to feminist, gay, lesbian and queer critics and social and cultural historians of Victorian Britain. It would not be too frivolous to see Fingersmith – together with other examples of fictional Victoriana – in their synthesis of the detail and insights of several decades of new research on the Victorian world and its culture as one measure of the ways in which Victorian Studies has developed over the last half century. More particularly I want to use it in exemplary fashion, as a point of entry and exit to this brief exploration of aspects of modern feminism's enduring, if sometimes vexed, relationship with post war Victorian Studies. [End Page 42] First of all, the structural imperatives and limitations that governed the development of these different entities need some definition. Victorian Studies, although nominally an interdisciplinary initiative was largely an attempt to widen the remit of nineteenth-century British literary studies – signalling its turn to history and away from the formalism of new criticism.2 A convenient milestone in its self-creation was the first number of the journal Victorian Studies, published in 1956, from the University of Indiana Press. A new postwar initiative, its relation to the emerging feminism of the following decade was familial, rather than romantic – Victorian Studies as an older brother, or cousin once or twice removed, and one, like certain elder male relatives, somewhat ambivalent about feminism's early ambitions. Both Victorian Studies and feminism can be seen as responding to progressive impulses in the United States and Britain, to liberal and left-wing reactions against the Manichean ideology of the Cold War, and the early stirrings of the social movements that would characterise the two decades to come. Part of this response was reflected in a new academic attention to the history of poverty and inequality: its causes; the subjects who suffered it; resistance to it; its cultural representations. In academia, in literary departments especially, one effect of this impulse was the tentative crossing and even more cautious blurring of disciplinary boundaries in research and teaching. The added value, but also the conservatism of this move as it applied to literature and history, is well described by Christopher Kent who suggests that 'Victorian studies meant in a sense viewing 'Victorian Britain', a clearly delineated space and time, from the perspectives of two clearly delineated and separate disciplines. The combined effect would be rather like binocular vision, giving greater depth'.3 Feminism's initial engagement with Victorian Britain requires a more complicated mapping. The feminist intervention into the field, both in history and in literature started in the 1960s. As it gathered strength through the mid and late 1970s it often seemed to pull in opposite directions, enthusiastically supporting an integration of fields, while creating new kinds of fragmentation. Feminism's provocative mission was at one register both...

A Social History of France, 1780–1880. By Peter McPhee The Correspondence of Richard Price, Volume II: March 1778‐February 1786. Edited by D.O. Thomas Military Intervention in Britain: From the Gordon Riots to the Gibraltar Incident. By Anthony Babington The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution. By Roger Chartier. Translated by Lydia G. Cochrane Fictions of the French Revolution. Edited by Bernadette Fort The Revolution against the Church: From Reason to the Supreme Being. By Michel Vovelle Dictionnaire des Constituants. Compiled by Edna Hindle Lemay and others Religion, Society and Politics in France since 1789. Edited by Frank Tallett and Nicholas Atkin Journals and Memoirs of Thomas Russell, 1791–1795. Edited by C.J. Woods Bonapartism and the Revolutionary Tradition in France: The Fidtris of 1815. By R.S. Alexander The 1830 Revolution in France. By Pamela Pilbeam The Iron Duke: A Military Biography of Wellington. By Lawrence James The Brecon Forest Tramroads: The Archaeology of an Early Railway System. By Stephen Hughes Child Labor and the Industrial Revolution. By Clark Nardinelli The Culture of English Anti‐Slavery, 1780–1860. By David Turiey Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants: A Social History of Migration. Edited by Colin G. Pooley and Ian D. Whyte Rhineland Radicals: The Democratic Movement and the Revolution of 1848–1849. By Jonathan Sperber The German Bourgeoisie. Edited by David Blackbourn and Richard J. Evans Absolutism and Ruling Class: The Formation of the Russian Political Order, 1700–1825. By John P. LeDonne Landownership and Power in Modern Europe. Edited by Ralph Gibson and Martin Blinkhorn De Economische Ontwikkeling van de Landbouw in Groningen. By Peter Priester Londres, 1851–1901: L'ere Victorienne ou le Triomphe des Inigatttis. Edited by Monica Chariot and Roland Marx Feminist Lives in Victorian England: Private Roles and Public Commitment. By Philippa Levine Reluctant Icon: Gladstone, Bulgaria and the Working Classes, 1856–1878. By Ann Pottinger Saab Chiesa e democrazia da Leone XIII al Vaticano II. By Antonio Acerbi Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth‐century Europe. Edited by Jonathan Frankel and Steven J. Zipperstein Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain, 1850–1930. By Stefan 1Collini Parnell in Perspective. Edited by D. George Boyce and Alan O'Day Fanny and Anna Parnell: Ireland's Patriot Sisters. By Jane McL Road to Power: The Trans‐Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 1850–1917. By Steven G. Marks Between Marxism and Anarchism: Benoit Malon and French Reformist Socialism. By K. Steven Vincent Chains of Empire: English Public Schools, Masonic Cabalism, Historical Causality and Imperial Clubdom. By P.J. Rich Women and Social Action in Victorian and Edwardian England. By Jane Lewis Maternity and Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European States, 1880s–19S0s. Edited by Gisela Bock and Pat Thane Philanthrophy and the Hospitals of London: The King's Fund, 1897–1990. By F.K. Prochaska A Question of Leadership: Gladstone to Thatcher. By Peter Clarke Principled Pragmatist: The Political Career of Alexandre Millerand. By Marjorie Milbank Farrar Crisis, Recovery and War: An Economic History of Continental Europe, 1918–1945. By Roger Munting and B.A. Holderness Moltke, Schlieffen and Prussian War Planning. By Arden Bucholz Command on the Western Front: The Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1914–1918. By Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson The Deliberations of the Council of Four (March 24–June 28, 1919): Notes of the Official Interpreter, Paul Mantoux. Translated and edited by Arthur S. Link, with Manfred F. Boemeke Herbert Samuel: A Political Life. By Bernerd Wasserstein Women and the Women's Movement in Britain, 1914–1959. By Martin Pugh The Politics of Dissent: Pacifism in France, 1919–1939. By Norman Ingram How Fascism Ruled Women: Italy, 1922–1945. By Victoria de Grazia Italian Fascists on Trial, 1943–1948. By Roy Palmer Domenico The Germans and the Final Solution: Public Opinion under Nazism. By David Bankier Anthony Eden: A Political Biography, 1931–1957. By Victor Roth well Politics ami Military Morale: Current Affairs and Citizenship Education in the British Army, 1914–1950. By S.P. Mackenzie Anglo‐Canadian Wartime Relations, 1939–1945: RAF Bomber Command and No. 6 [Canadian] Group. By William Carter

Reviewed by: Law and Imperialism: Criminality and Constitution in Colonial India and Victorian England, and: Constructing the Criminal Tribe in Colonial India: Acting Like a Thief Clare Anderson (bio) Law and Imperialism: Criminality and Constitution in Colonial India and Victorian England, by Preeti Nijhar; pp. 220. London and Brookfield: Pickering & Chatto, 2009, £60.00, $99.00. Constructing the Criminal Tribe in Colonial India: Acting Like a Thief, by Henry Schwarz; pp. viii + 163. Oxford and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, £60.00, $99.95. Law and Imperialism is a fascinating study of legal hierarchies in Britain and India. Preeti Nijar ranges widely across sociology, criminology, and history to discuss the close relationship between metropole and colony in the making of scientific typologies and social categories. Drawing on Homi Bhaba's idea of ambivalence, Nijar theorises this relationship as part of a deliberate effort to distance colonizer from colonized and to alleviate fears provoked by the proximity of the social other in Britain and in India. The place of scientific understandings is of special concern to her, in particular with respect to the supposed dangerousness of specific communities. Though I greatly enjoyed this book, more engaged and critical editing would have greatly assisted Nijhar in producing a more forceful argument. Too often her prose is laboured, repetitive, and hard to follow. She presents a number of quotations without introduction or contextualisation. The footnotes are inconsistent; primary sources are included in the bibliography of secondary literature; and the author even misspells the name of one of the advisory editors of the book series. Conceptually, the book left me a little confused about the lines of distinction between race and ethnicity. Also, the history of the British Isles makes the concept of British indigeneity—repeatedly invoked by the author—deeply problematic. There are minor errors, too. She misunderstands the meaning of the word "outcast," following each citation with "sic." This completely misses its biblical associations, which are critical to understanding particular representations of the London poor. Nijhar is simply wrong, furthermore, about the history of convict transportation. She says that it was used in Britain before India, that Britain was unique in using it, and that convicts were used as indentured labor. But the East India Company transported Indian convicts overseas from the 1790s; Portugal, Spain, and France also transported convicts; and convicts were used as indentured [End Page 327] labor only in the Americas, not in Australia. These criticisms aside, the general thrust of the book is timely and convincing, joining a growing academic literature on colonial networks and connectedness that includes Durba Ghosh and Dane Kennedy's Decentering Empire: Britain, India and the Transcolonial World (2006). In placing the so-called criminal Sansi tribe and the British criminal classes into a single frame of analysis through an evaluation of the 1871 Criminal Tribes Act in India and the 1869 Habitual Criminals Act in England, Nijhar is especially effective. She writes of the mutual exchange of ideas about dangerousness and race: "The 'criminal' tribes and castes of imperial India were legally and socially reified in ways not dissimilar to the 'dangerous' classes in Victorian England" (134). Constructing the Criminal Tribe is a quite different sort of book, its analysis literary rather than historical or sociolegal. In Law and Imperialism, Nijhar places critical legal theory, criminal justice history, postcolonial theory, and criminology (especially labelling theory) within a single frame of historical analysis—albeit with the ultimate (though unexplored) aim of considering the historical constitution of aspects of postcolonial India. Henry Schwarz presents a narrower discussion of "the stigma of criminal inheritance" that impacts the denotified (ex-criminal) tribes in India today to more explicitly think through what I would call the colonial present (3). This is not a story of colonial and postcolonial crossings; it is instead about the explicit integration of history with the now, about the significance of colonialism for the Indian state, its institutions, its law, its governance, and its identity. Schwarz does not have to dig very deeply to find what he is looking for—the denotified tribe on which he mainly focuses (the Chhara) lives on the margins, and colonial discourses about criminality pervade contemporary social attitudes towards...

Progressing through a historical timeline of the concept of romantic love across a number of cultures, this chapter explores how love was conceptualized between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Like the two previous chapters, it takes a look at how people throughout the world experienced and expressed romantic love in the context of their respective cultures and geographical regions. This chapter focuses on love concepts and meanings among the people of the Middle East, India, Polynesia, and Europe during the Renaissance, Enlightenment, Romantic, and Victorian eras. Furthermore, it looks at love in America during the Victorian and post-Revolutionary eras. In this context, it explores the differences in not only the cultures mentioned, but also the particular time periods within the larger time frame outlined.

Reviewed by: The London Restaurant, 1840–1914 by Brenda Assael Rebecca Earle (bio) The London Restaurant, 1840–1914, by Brenda Assael; pp. viii + 239. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2018, $85.00. "Strip the United Kingdom of its foreigners, and our kitchens and bakers' shops would be next to empty," stated the British Journal of Catering (qtd. in Assael 158). This was not a warning prompted by the impending threat of Brexit, though many restauranteurs predict that it will have a disastrous effect on recruiting waiters, cooks, and other staff. The quote instead dates from 1889, when the large number of Italian and German restaurant staff working in London provoked complaints that these Europeans were depriving native-born Britons of employment. Victorian and Edwardian Londoners worried about restaurant dining rooms and kitchens that lacked adequate ventilation and so imperiled the health of workers and diners forced to breathe germ-laden and noxious air. At the same time, they relished other aspects of London's cosmopolitan food scene, which for instance allowed them to arrange for "a complete Indian dinner" to be delivered to their house from a restaurant in Hammersmith (166). It is impossible to read Brenda Assael's excellent study of the London restaurant in the Victorian and Edwardian eras without drawing comparisons to today's battles between mobile labor forces and xenophobic backlashes, anxieties about airborne viruses in enclosed restaurant spaces, and Uber Eats. At the same time, to read this study [End Page 121] solely as an exercise in historical continuity would do it a disservice. Instead, Assael inserts the London restaurant into our histories of labor and commerce in the Victorian and Edwardian periods. As she notes, studies of the British restaurant have tended to focus on the cultural and symbolic dimensions of dining out, to the neglect of these establishments as sites of labor or as economic ventures. Assael reminds us that restaurants were not simply loci for the display of social anxieties about unaccompanied women, or opportunities for conspicuous consumption. They were also the workplaces of tens of thousands of workers, created, as the proprietor of one vegetarian restaurant indignantly reminded patrons, "with a view to gain" (qtd. in Assael 149). Assael's focus on the commercial innovations of proprietors and the working conditions of waiters makes The London Restaurant, 1840–1914 not only fascinating but also pathbreaking. The study opens with a review of the restaurant scene, including the extraordinary success of restaurant chains such as John Pearce's British Tea Table refreshment rooms, which reportedly served fifteen thousand meals a day in 1896. The London Restaurant also features a remarkable glimpse into the small local eateries that constituted the majority of London restaurants and which provided sustenance for the growing number of city clerks and white-collar workers who staffed the offices of metropolitan London. One chapter focuses on the financial realities of running a restaurant, with attention to the challenges of managing supplies, the importance of technological innovations such as refrigerators or telephones (the latter facilitating advance reservations), the rise of employment agencies to assist with recruiting staff, and advertising. There follows an account of the varied experiences of waitstaff, with a particular focus on wages. As remains the case today, remuneration for waiters was precarious. Some waiters depended entirely on tips and might be asked to cover the costs of breakages or nonpayment by customers. In response, waiters formed mutual aid societies and, eventually, unions. In 1894 the Waiters and Waitresses and Licensed Victuallers' Employment Union stood several candidates for the London County Council in an unsuccessful attempt to ensure a minimum wage for waiters. Waiters also went on strike. In 1895, waitresses at the Lyons tea shops in Piccadilly and the Strand walked out in a (successful) attempt to reverse decreases in pay. Other chapters consider municipal regulation, which, Assael argues, demonstrates that scholarship on liberal governance in the Victorian era should pay more attention to "the power of commercial forces" (123) and the "gastro-cosmopolitanism" that prevailed in London restaurants (155). The latter phenomenon manifested not simply in the menus served but also in the clientele, restaurant staff, and ingredients. Contrary to the claims of some...

Arthur, whose true existence has never been finally verified, is thought to have lived in the 5th or 6th centuries, probably as a war leader or a Celtic clan chief. Sir Thomas Malory is the 15th century writer who made the legend of King Arthur most well known with his prose Le Morte Darthur. The national poet of the Victorian Era, Lord Alfred Tennyson, also increased its popularity. In 19th century England The Lady of Shalott was one of the favourite subjects of this legend. This subject , in which the Pre-Raphaelites group was especially interested, has become one of the most important examples of studying the views of women in the Victorian Era’s tendency to keep sexuality as a taboo subject. The Lady of Shalott is a proper Victorian woman until she looks out of the window. Not being content with the reflection that she sees in the window makes her rebellious. This study evaluates how this imagery was placed in the context of women’s perception in the Victorian and Edwardian Eras. It also examines the creation of the self-confident woman , explains the descriptive uniqueness of this subject particularly as discussed by the Pre-Raphaelites, and in terms of art history it discusses lexical extent.