Revealing the Uncommon: Morphological Study of Ceramium floridanum (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) from Colombia and Notes on its Distribution

Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers., Orobanche cernua L. and Orobanche coelestis (Reut.) Boiss. and Reut. ex Beck are plants belong to the Orobanchaceae family in Iraq. Morphological and anatomical study of the three species is very important to to know the qualities that help us to distinguish between them. To study the morphological and anatomical traits the samples were collected from Baghdad, the southern deserts, and Kurdistan of Iraq between 2016-2018 during the flowering period (spring). The plant was preserved in special glass ampoules containing alcohol 70% for the purpose of conducting the transvere anatomy section process. The identity and morphological study as well as the anatomical study of the three species were determined by studying the anatomical transverse sections of the stem and studying the trichomes which are generally divided into two parts: Non-glandular trichomes which consist of from one or more cells, different lengths with acute or obtuse apices, and glandular trichomes which consist of a multicellular or unicellular head and stalks depended on their shape, number of cells and general characteristics as a method or Identity imprint of the plant used to differentiate among the studied species. Significant differences were observed in the general and anatomical appearance. The species Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. is more dense in the amount of trichomes spread in all parts of the plant compared to other, O. aegyptiaca Pers. be containing 18–22 layers of parenchyma cells, the species O. cernua L. consists of 10-16 layer of parenchyma cells and the species O. coelestis (Reut.) Boiss. And Reut.exBeck consists of 20-24 layers of parenchyma cells. Morphological and anatomical study have proven its effectiveness in determining mportant characteristics in diagnosing species and distinguishing between them.

Whey protein concentrate (WPC) are an group of whey (Milk serum) based food ingredient. They are used in confectionary product, ready to eat cereals, nutritional bars, and sports beverages. 
 Aim: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological and antimicrobial study of whey protein concentrate after extraction from milk serum. 
 Methods: Proximate analysis was done for the determination of protein, ash, fat, and moisture content in whey protein concentrate. Morphological study was done using X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD) and scanning electron microscope. The antimicrobial property of whey protein concentrate was evaluated by Agar well diffusion method.
 Results: Proximate analysis reveals whey protein concentrates, protein (42%), Fat (4.40), ash (10.37), and moisture (4.27). The whey protein concentrate antimicrobial property also particularly effective against S. aureus (Gram Positive), E. coli (gram negative). SEM and X-RD results reveal micro structure and nature of the compound.

The taxonomic history of the howler monkeys, genus Alouatta, has been long, complex, and filled with omissions and mistakes. This has created confusion over the validity of different taxa. Here we review the taxonomic history of the genus and evaluate the validity of the different taxa based on current knowledge generated through morphological and genetic studies. We recognize nine species of howlers (A. palliata, A. pigra, A. seniculus, A. arctoidea, A. sara, A. macconnelli, A. guariba, A. belzebul, A. caraya) and three more taxa that we tentatively consider full species (A. nigerrima, A. ululata, A. discolor), but for which genetic and/or morphological studies are required to confirm this status. We recognize five subspecies in A. palliata (A. p. mexicana, A. p. palliata, A. p. coibensis, A. p. trabeata, and A. p. aequatorialis), three in A. seniculus, (A. s. seniculus, A. s. juara, and A. s. puruensis), two in A. guariba (A. g. guariba and A. g. clamitans), and acknowledge the possibility that A. pigra may have two subspecies (A. p. pigra and A. p. luctuosa). Most species and subspecies require field studies to determine their actual distribution ranges. Furthermore, a combination of morphological and genetic analyses is needed to confirm the validity of several taxa. Given the broad presence of howler monkeys in the Neotropics, these studies would require the collaboration of a multidisciplinary network of researchers across the range of distribution of the genus.

Immunohistochemical and morphological studies on the human fetal cochlea: a comparative view on methods

Relations entre l'appareil contractile et les phénomènes d'endocytose: Revue bibliographique et quelques données concernant la cellule thyroïdienne

Morphological and molecular studies have inferred multiple hypotheses for the phylogenetic relationships of Testudines. The hypothesis that Testudines are the only extant anapsid amniotes and the sister taxon of diapsid amniotes is corroborated by morphological studies, while the hypothesis that Testudines are diapsid amniotes is corroborated by more recent molecular and morphological studies. In this study, the placement of Testudines is tested using the full length cDNA sequence of the polypeptide hormone precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Because only extant taxa have been used, the hypotheses being tested are limited to the following (1) Testudines as the sister taxon of Archosauria, (2) Testudines included in Archosauria and the sister taxon of Crocodilia, (3) Testudines as the sister taxon of Lepidosauria, (4) Testudines as the sister taxon of Sauria, and (5) Testudines as the sister taxon of a monophyletic Mammalia–Sauria clade. Neither Maximum likelihood, Bayesian, or maximum parsimony analyses are able to falsify the hypothesis of (Archosauria (Lepidosauria, Testudines)) and as such is the preferred inference from the POMC data. Zusammenfassung Morphologische und molekluargenetische Untersuchungen haben zu verschiedenen Hypothesen uber die Verwandtschaftsverhaltnisse der Testudines gefuhrt. Die Hypothese, dass Testudines die einzigen noch lebenden anapsiden Amnioten und das Schwestertaxon der diapsiden Amnioten sind, wird durch morphologische Untersuchungen bekraftigt, wahrend neuere morphologische und molekulargenetische Studien eher die Hypothese stutzen, dass Testudines diapside Amnioten sind. In dieser Studie untersuchen wir die Stellung der Testudines mittels vollstandiger cDNA-Sequenzen des polypeptiden Prohormons Proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Da nur lebende Taxa verwendet werden, konnen nur folgende Hypothesen getestet werden: 1) Testudines ist das Schwestertaxon der Archosauria, 2) Testudines sind in Archosauria enthalten und somit das Schwestertaxon der Crocodilia, 3) Testudines sind das Schwestertaxon der Lepidosauria, 4) Testudines sind das Schwestertaxon der Sauria und 5) Testudines sind das Schwestertaxon einer monophyletischen Mammalia–Sauria Gruppe. Weder Maximum-Likelihood, Bayesian oder Maximale Parsimony Analysen waren in der Lage, die Hypothese (Archosauria (Lepidosauria, Testudines)) zu falsifizieren, sodass diese die bevorzugte Folgerung aus den POMC Daten darstellt.

In this study, the relationship between morphology and cephalosporin C (CPC) production in a 30-l bioreactor culture of Cephalosporium acremonium M25 using a 3:7 seed mixture was investigated. In addition, the kinetic model was established and applied. CPC production was performed in a 30-l bioreactor using a 3:7 seed mixture. It was recognized that a 3:7 seed mixture was able to reduce lag phase and enhance CPC production. The maximum CPC production and cell mass were 1.96 and 81.5 g l-1 respectively. Through a morphology study by observation using image analysis, it was concluded that changes of morphological features predicted the progressive production of CPC and that a morphology study could be useful in monitoring the CPC fermentation by C. acremonium M25. In the kinetics study, a kinetic model of CPC fermentation was developed and applied. The proposed model could adequately describe the fermentation of C. acremonium M25 in a 30-l bioreactor. CPC productivity was improved by using a 3:7 seed mixture in a 30-1 bioreactor. The changes in morphological features showed a very similar tendency with CPC production. A kinetic model of CPC fermentation was successfully established. The results of the present study suggest that the use of a 3:7 seed mixture inocula has considerable possibilities for improving CPC productivity if applied to industrial scale fermentations. Through morphology and kinetics study, the kinetic model to describe the morphological differentiation and CPC production by C. acremonium M25 was established.

The first morphological study concerning the endocrine heart was published by Kisch (12) who had detected a peculiar cytoplasmic inclusion body in muscle cells of the guinea-pig atrium. Only a few years later, Jamieson and Palade (11) described that these structures were specific granules occuring in all mammalian species investigated, including man. Twelve years later, Marie et al. (13) analysed morphometrically the interference between the number of atrial granules and changes in salt and water balance. Recently, DeBold et al. (4) proved the natriuretic and diuretic properties of atrial extracts and postulated a new class of hormones, which are now known as the atrial natriuretic polypeptides (ANP). Further biological activities were detected, namely the vasorelaxant effect of atrial extracts (3,6). This vasorelaxant function is based on the polypeptide hormone, atriopeptin or cardiodilatin (CDD). It is now well known that the different polypeptides characterized in 1983 and 1984 are all expressed from the same gene and present as posttranslational or artificial cleavage products (2,7). In contrast to the large number of biochemical, physiological investigations, and morphological studies on cardiac hormones published so far, combined morphometric and biochemical studies are not available. Exact data based on both stereological-ultrastructural and radio-immunological examination of the endocrine heart, however, is of major importance for the understanding of the secretory activity of myoendocrine cells.

Employment of chlorin-based photosensitizers (PSs) provides additional advantages to photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to absorption peak around 405nm allowing for superficial impact and efficient antimicrobial therapy. We report on the morphological and clinical study of the efficiency of PDT at 405nm employing chlorin-based PS. Numerical studies demonstrated difference in the distribution of absorbed dose at 405nm in comparison with traditionally employed wavelength of 660nm and difference in the in-depth absorbed dose distribution for skin and mucous tissues. Morphological study was performed at the inner surface of rabbit ear with histological examinations at different periods after PDT procedure. Animal study revealed tissue reaction to PDT consisting in edema manifested most in 3 days after the procedure and neoangiogenesis. OCT diagnostics was confirmed by histological examination. Clinical study included antimicrobial PDT of pharynx chronic inflammatory diseases. It revealed no side effects or complications of the PDT procedure. Pharyngoscopy indicated reduction of inflammatory manifestations, and, in particular cases, hypervascularization was observed. Morphological changes were also detected in the course of monitoring, which are in agreement with pharyngoscopy results. Microbiologic study after PDT revealed no pathogenic bacteria; however, in particular cases, saprophytic flora was detected.

The grass family (Poaceae) includes cereal crops that provide a key food source for the human population. The food industry uses the starch deposited in the cereal grain, which develops directly from the gynoecium. Morphological interpretation of the grass gynoecium remains controversial. We re-examine earlier hypotheses and studies of morphology and development in the context of more recent analyses of grass phylogenetics and developmental genetics. Taken in isolation, data on gynoecium development in bistigmatic grasses do not contradict its interpretation as a solitary ascidiate carpel. Nevertheless, in the context of other data, this interpretation is untenable. Broad comparative analysis in a modern phylogenetic context clearly demonstrates that the grass gynoecium is pseudomonomerous. A bistigmatic grass gynoecium has two sterile carpels, each producing a stigma, and a fertile carpel that lacks a stigma. To date, studies of grass developmental genetics and developmental morphology have failed to fully demonstrate the composite nature of the grass gynoecium be-cause its complex evolutionary history is hidden by extreme organ integration. It is problematic to interpret the gynoecium of grasses in terms of normal angiosperm gynoecium typology. Even the concept of a carpel becomes misleading in grasses; instead, we recommend the term pistil for descriptive purposes.

Thermoreversible gelation of atactic polystyrene: phase transformation and morphology

The problem of the interpretation of the brain in terms of intellectual capacity and racial difference has been one of profound interest since the time when Gall first put forward his conceptions of cerebral localization. The relationship of the anatomical pattern, both macroscopic and microscopic, to functional localization is naturally in the final analysis the end of all morphological studies. Our knowledge of these relations has greatly increased since the time when CUNNINGHAM, RETZIUS, and others wrote their descriptive accounts of the cerebral hemispheres ; but it cannot yet be said that studies in morphology have reached that level of perfection which warrants the study of anatomy being subordinated to the background of physiology. Thanks to the labours of TURNER, CUNNINGHAM, ELLIOT SMITH, CAMPBELL, BRODMANN, and many others, morphological and, to a certain extent, functional significance can be given to many of the sulci. Further, the arrangement of the sulci can be to some extent used as an index to the relative amount of the expansion of the newly acquired areas in the human brain. Despite this, the views of KEITH are substantially true :— “ Unfortunately our knowledge of the areas, convolutions, and furrows of the frontal region of the human brain has not yet reached that stage which permits us to say that this or that marking has such and such a meaning ; we cannot yet read the functional capacities of any given brain by a study of its external appearances. We have every right to believe that our knowledge will increase, and that some day experts will be able to determine the functional significance of the appearance seen on such endocranial casts as that obtained from the Galilean frontal bone".

Unusual body division and epithelium structure in unusual phoronid Phoronis embryolabi

This article examines the word formation process of Arabic and Bahasa Indonesia comparatively from the point of view of corpus linguistics in morphological approach. Arabic as one of the Semitic language families has a distinctive character in word formation. This can be seen in the process of word formation through five important stages, namely: 1) inflection, (2) derivation, (3) allomorphy, (4) abbreviations - acronyms, and (5) compounding. These five things play an important role in the process of word formation in Arabic. In general, this research design is qualitative research. The data in this study are representative language units to examine word formation in Arabic and Indonesian. Then corpus linguistics becomes one of the media in validating the data. The results of the discussion of the article are expected to provide new insights into Arabic, especially related to the study of Arabic Morphology (Sharaf Science) based on corpus linguistics approach. After a comparative analysis based on corpus linguistics and morphology, it can be concluded that, some words in the form of stems (shighatul asās), after experiencing the inflection process, the stem-shaped words have decreased the number of frequencies in the corpora. The study of the morphological word formation process based on corpus linguistics has a contribution to the preparation of lexical dictionaries and language planning, both Arabic and Indonesian. This research is only limited to the study of morphology, word formation, in the future, the potential for corpus studies can be expanded from the side of syntax and semantics.

Despite their evolutionary and biomedical importance, studies of the morphology and function of female genitalia have continued to lag behind those of male genitalia. While studying female genitalia can be difficult because of their soft, deformable and internal nature, recent advances in imaging, geometric analyses of shape and mechanical testing have been made, allowing for a much greater understanding of the incredible diversity of form and function of female genitalia. Here we summarize some of these methods, as well as discuss some big questions in the field that are beginning to be examined now, and will continue to benefit from further work, especially a comparative approach. Topics of further research include examination of the morphology of female genitalia in situ, in-depth anatomical work in many more species, studies of the interplay between natural and sexual selection in influencing features of vaginal morphology, how these diverse functions influence the mechanical properties of tissues, and studies of clitoris morphology and function across amniotes. Many other research topics related to female genitalia remain largely unexplored, and we hope that the papers in this issue will continue to inspire further research on female genitalia.