Revealing the dynamics of cormel traits and rhizosphere growth in response to cormel priming and growing media in gladiolus

Leaf Area, Nonstructural Carbohydrates, and Root Growth Characteristics of Blue Grama Seedlings

King sago palm or sago cycas are the other name of Kangi palm ( Cycas revoluta ) sago palm has been used as an indoor and outdoor landscape plant for centuries. The present study was conducted to estimate the effect of different priming treatments on seed germination of sago palm ( Cycas revoluta L.) in the research area of Department of Horticulture PMAS, University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The Experiment consisted of ten treatments; the seeds without pulp were soaked in solution of 500, 750 and 1000 ppm GA 3 and 2%, 3% and 4% solution of KNO 3 for 24 hr at room temperature. In case of hot water treatment, seeds were primed at 80 o C, 90 o C and 100 o C for 30, 20 and 10 minutes respectively. The effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) and hot water on various parameters like germination rate, germination percentage, germination value, decayed seed percentage, time of germination, number of leaves and seedling height were studied. Significant results of germination rate (55.56 days), germination value (192.19) were achieved from 500 ppm GA 3 . Maximum germination percentage (73.33%) and number of leaves (2) were observed in KNO 3 at 2% followed by 500 ppm GA 3 . Similarly lowest decayed seed percentage (26.66%) and time of germination (59.41 days) were noted in 2% KNO 3 . The seedling height was optimum (19.33 cm) in 3% KNO 3 followed by 2% KNO 3 . Best germination results were obtained due to permeability of hard seed coat made by low concentrations of priming treatments (KNO 3 @ 3%).

Studies on increases in seed germination and reduction of time between sowing and emergence of seedlings may increase the efficiency of tree seedlings production. The objective of this work was to verify the effect of mechanical scarification and hydration with growth regulators and nutrients, physiological quality of seeds and initial growth of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings. It was used a completely randomized design in a 2 x 7 factorial scheme, being two types of mechanical scarification (tip and side) combined with different chemical agents in the pre-soaking (no hydration, water, potassium nitrate 0,2%, calcium nitrate 0,2%, gibberellin, cytokinin, gibberellin + cytokinin) with four replicates. Germination and seed vigor and initial seedling performance were evaluated. It was concluded that mechanical scarification increased seed germination and emergence speed of seedlings and that pre-germination treatments maximized seed germination speed.

The shape and extent of root systems influence the rate and pattern of nutrient and water uptake from the soil. In dicotyledons such as peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), the primary root and its laterals constitute the main root system. Rooting trait differences in some crops have been associated with drought tolerance. Our objective in this study was to determine if variation in root length and number occurs among peanut genotypes. In one test, shoot and root growth of 23 genotypes (12 spanish and 11 virginia types) were compared in the greenhouse at 55 days after planting using clear acrylic tubes 7.5 cm in diameter and 2.2 m in length. Shoot dry weight, leaf area, tap root length, and root number at 1 m depth ranged for spanish-type entries from 1.23 to 2.65 g, 214 to 409 cm2, 95.0 to 186.8 cm, and 1.0 to 3.1, respectively. Similarly, ranges for virginia-type entries were 1.35 to 3.23 g, 135 to 460 cm2, 122.4 to 192.6 cm, and 1.0 to 7.1. Correlations between shoot and root parameters indicated strong positive association between aerial and subterranean growth. However, the relationship of leaf area to root length was stronger for virginia- than for spanish-type entries. Root length and numbers were highly correlated for spanish, but not for virginia entries. In other tests that included two each of virginia-, spanish-, and valencia-type entries, similar results were found for plants at 34 and 47 days after planting. Significant differences in both root (length and numbers) and shoot growth (dry weight and leaf area) were found among the genotypes tested. Inherent differences in root growth rate were evident at early stages of seedling growth. The results from this sample of peanut germplasm indicate that there is considerable diversity in root growth and there is high shoot/root growth association.

Poor early growth and uneven crop establishment are reported as the major bottlenecks in wide-scale adoption and optimal yield realization of dry direct-seeded rice (DSR). Seed priming can potentially help overcome these problems in DSR. Therefore, laboratory and field studies were conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, during kharif/wet-season 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the effect of different priming techniques on germination, establishment, growth, and grain yield of rice under DSR conditions. The following priming treatments were evaluated: dry non-primed seed (control), hydropriming with distilled water, halopriming with 2.0% potassium nitrate, hormopriming with 50 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3), and osmopriming with polyethylene glycol (PEG)(−0.6 MPa), each with 12 and 24 h priming duration. In 2019, priming treatments were tested under two DSR establishment methods—conventional DSR (sowing in dry soil followed by irrigation) and soil mulch DSR (locally known as vattar DSR) (sowing in moist soil after pre-sowing irrigation), whereas in 2018, priming treatments were evaluated under conventional DSR only. In both years, halopriming and hormopriming resulted in a 7–11% increase in rice yields compared to non-primed dry seed (control). Osmopriming resulted in a 4% yield increase compared to control in 2018 but not in 2019. The higher yields in halopriming and hormopriming were attributed to higher and rapid germination/crop emergence, better root growth, and improvement in yield attributes. Priming effect on crop emergence, growth, and yield did not differ by DSR establishment methods and duration of priming. Conventional DSR and soil mulch DSR did not differ in grain yield, whereas they differed in crop emergence, growth, and yield attributes. These results suggest that halopriming with 2.0% potassium nitrate and hormopriming with 50 ppm GA3 has good potential to improve crop establishment and yield of rice in both conventional and soil mulch DSR systems.

Root growth dynamics and fruit yield of melon (Cucumis melo L) genotypes at two locations with sandy loam and clay soils

The effect of fertilizer N on maize (Zea mays L.) root size has been reported with inconsistency. It remains unclear whether a quantitative relationship exists between soil NO3–N and root growth under field conditions. A 3‐yr field experiment was conducted in three soils (loamy clay, clay loam, and sandy loam) with five N treatments (from 0–312 kg N ha−1). Soil NO3–N concentration and total root length were determined to a depth of 60 cm at the silking stage. It was found that plants grown in clay loam soil had larger root size compared with the other two soil. A weak parabolic relationship between N supply and root length was found in loamy clay and clay loam soil, but not in sandy loam soil. There was a parabolic relationship between soil NO3–N concentration in the 0‐ to 60‐cm depth and total root length per plant. This relationship was mostly found in clay loam soil. Across soils and years, there was a parabolic relationship between root length density (RLD) and shoot dry matter (DM) at silking and between RLD at silking and grain yield with fertilizer N rate £240 kg N ha−1. It is suggested that it may be not practical to regulate total root length by simply adjusting N fertilizer amount. Total root length is not relevant to maize yield under excess N input conditions.Core Ideas Plants grown in clay loam soil had larger root than in loamy clay and sandy loam soils. A parabolic relationship between soil nitrate‐N concentration and total root length. A weak parabola relationship between N supply and root length was found in loamy clay soil and clay loam soil, but not in sandy loam soil. Root length and the maximum yield reached synchronously at optimum N rates (168–240 kg N ha−1 in the present study).

Tomato is a widely distributed annual vegetable crop which is consumed fresh, cooked or after processing by canning, making into juice, pulp, paste, or as a variety of sauces; being a rich source of phytochemicals such as lycopene, â-carotene, flavonoids, vitamin C and essential nutrients. In order to estimate the effect of priming on seed germination and seedling growth in tomato (cultivar, Pant T-3) at two different temperature 20°C and 25°C under laboratory experiment was performed on the basis of completely randomized design with four replications. Experimental factors were included 4 priming treatment (GA3, NAA, potassium nitrate and non-priming as control). Four concentration of two treatments such as gibberellic acid and napthlene acitic acid (25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm.100 ppm) and two concentration of KNO3 (1% and 2%) were compared with control. In this experiment seeds were primed with growth regulator for 24 hrs before put for the germination test. Most of the treatments had significant positive effect on all the seed quality parameters. GA3 had effective role for the improvement of root growth at both temperature. Priming with different growth regulator was effective for the development of root growth at low temperature not for the optimum temperature. NAA showed adverse effect on the root length at 250Cwhile other growth regulators were found to be significant role to improve the root length. GA3 was an important for the development of shoot development at different temperature. GA3 also improved the seed vigour index at both temperature vigour index-? was improved by the treatment of NAA. Priming at low temperature most effective for the improvement of seed germination, root length, shoot length, seed vigour index that optimum temperature.

ABSTRACTThe efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum (MIAU 145 C) in promoting kidney bean (cv. Goli) growth in different soil texture (sandy loam, loam and clay loam) and organic matter content (0.5 and 2% of leaf litter) was assessed in a factorial experiment in the absence of Meloidogyne javanica. In another factorial experiment, the effect of soil texture, soil organic content and control measure (no control, 10 ml of T. harzianum containing 106 spore ml−1 and 2 mg ai cadusafos kg−1 soil) was determined on nematode-infected kidney bean’s growth, fungus controlling activity and M. javanica reproduction. Except for the shoot length, the fungus improved plant growth. Clay loam was not a proper soil type for the cultivation of kidney bean plants (even in the soil without nematode), but the plant grew better in sandy loam and loam soil. The presence of leaf litter in the soil enhanced plant growth, increased fungal efficiency and increased nematode reproduction. It seems that T. harzianum can activate the plant defence system in sandy loam soil. T. harzianum was more effective in sandy loam or loam soil containing 2% organic matter (leaf litter) and reduced the reproduction factor of the nematode in the tested soil textures equally to the chemical nematicide treatment.

Fusarium graminearum is an important soybean pathogen that causes seedling disease, root rot, and pre- and postemergence damping-off. However, effects of soil conditions on the disease are not well understood. The objective of this greenhouse study was to determine the impacts of soil texture, pH, and soil moisture on seedling root rot symptoms and detrimental effects on seedling development caused by F. graminearum. F. graminearum-infested millet was added (10%, vol/vol) to soil with four different textures (sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, and loam). Soil moisture was maintained at saturation, field capacity or permanent wilting point at soil pH levels of 6 or 8. Seedlings were evaluated 4 weeks after planting for root rot, root length, root and shoot dry weights, leaf area, and F. graminearum colonization (by qPCR). There was a significant interaction between soil moisture and soil texture for root rot assessed visually (P < 0.0001). Highest severity (67%) and amount of F. graminearum DNA were observed at pH 6 and permanent wilting point in sandy loam soils. Pot saturation resulted in the lowest levels of disease in sandy loam and loam soils (11.6 and 10.8%, respectively). Reductions in seedling growth parameters, including root length, foliar area, shoot and root dry weights, and root tips, relative to the noninfested control, were significantly greater in sandy loam soils. In contrast, there were no significant growth reductions in sand. This study showed that levels of root rot increased under moisture-limiting conditions, producing detrimental effects on plant development.

This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of GA3 and Kinetin in vitro on the seeds of Siam Madu orange (Citrus nobilis L.) from Siboras Simalungun. This study was conducted at the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatra, Medan at an altitude of ± 25 meters above sea level from December 2024 to March 2025. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with 2 treatment factors and 3 replications. The first factor is the concentration of GA3 (G), namely G0 (0 ppm), G1 (2 ppm), and G2 (4 ppm). The second factor is the concentration of Kinetin (K), namely K0 (0 ppm), K1 (2 ppm), and K2 (3 ppm). The parameters observed in this study include the percentage of live explants, days to shoot emergence, number of shoots, shoot height, number of roots, root length, number of leaves, and stem diameter. The results showed that the administration of GA3 significantly affected the day of shoot emergence, shoot height, and number of roots, but did not significantly affect the number of shoots, root length, number of leaves, and stem diameter. The administration of Kinetin significantly affected the shoot height and root length, but did not significantly affect the day of shoot emergence, number of shoots, number of roots, number of leaves, and stem diameter, while the interaction between the combination of GA3 and Kinetin treatments significantly affected the day of shoot emergence, but did not significantly affect the number of shoots, shoot height, number of roots, root length, number of leaves, and stem diameter.

The well-documented decline in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in Australian cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing Vertosols has been primarily analysed in terms of inputs from above-ground crop residues, with addition to soil C by root materials being little studied. Potential contribution by cotton roots to soil carbon stocks was evaluated between 2002 and 2008 in 2 ongoing long-term experiments near Narrabri, north-western New South Wales. Experiment 1 consisted of cotton monoculture sown either after conventional tillage or on permanent beds, and a cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation on permanent beds; Experiment 2 consisted of 4 cotton-based rotation systems sown on permanent beds: cotton monoculture, cotton–vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), cotton–wheat, and cotton–wheat–vetch. Roundup-Ready™ (genetically modified) cotton varieties were sown until 2005, and Bollgard™ II-Roundup Ready™-Flex™ varieties thereafter. Root growth in the surface 0.10 m was measured with the core-break method using 0.10-m-diameter cores. A subsample of these cores was used to evaluate relative root length and root C concentrations. Root growth in the 0.10–1.0 m depth was measured at 0.10-m depth intervals with a ‘Bartz’ BTC-2 minirhizotron video microscope and I-CAP image capture system (‘minirhizotron’). The video camera was inserted into clear, plastic acrylic minirhizotron tubes (50-mm-diameter) installed within each plot, 30° from the vertical. Root images were captured 4–5 times each season in 2 orientations, left and right side of each tube, adjacent to a furrow, at each time of measurement and the images analysed to estimate selected root growth indices. The indices evaluated were the length and number of live roots at each time of measurement, number of roots which changed length, number and length of roots which died (i.e. disappeared between times of measurement), new roots initiated between times of measurement, and net change in root numbers and length. These measurements were used to derive root C turnover between times of measurements, root C added to soil through intra-seasonal root death, C in roots remaining at end of season, and the sum of the last 2 indices: root C potentially available for addition to soil C stocks. Total seasonal cotton root C potentially available for addition to soil C stocks ranged between ~50 and 400 g/m2 (0.5 and 4 t/ha), with intra-seasonal root death contributing 25–70%. These values are ~10–60% of that contributed by above-ground crop residues. As soil organic carbon in irrigated Vertosols can range between 40 and 60 t/ha, it is unlikely that cotton roots will contribute significantly to soil carbon stocks in irrigated cotton farming systems. Seasonal root C was reduced by cotton monoculture, stress caused by high insect numbers, and sowing Bollgard II varieties; and increased by sowing non-Bollgard II varieties and wheat rotation crops. Permanent beds increased root C but leguminous rotation crops did not. Climatic factors such as cumulative day-degrees and seasonal rainfall were positively related to seasonal root C. Root C turnover was, in general, highest during later vegetative/early reproductive growth. Large variations in root C turnover and seasonal C indices occurred due to a combination of environmental, management and climatic factors.

Effect of silicon and gibberellic acid on growth and flowering of gladiolus

The form of nitrogen can affect root and shoot growth of plants. This study was conducted to determine the effects of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen on root length and number and shoot color and quality of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. 'Penncross'). The study was conducted in the University of Georgia rhizotron facility. Turf was grown in an 80/20 sand/peat rooting medium and maintained under putting green conditions for 12 months. Two forms of nitrogen, ammonium and nitrate, utilizing the nitrogen sources of urea and calcium nitrate, respectively, were applied in the following ammonium:nitrate ratios: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100. A modified Hoagland's solution provided all other macronutrients and micronutrients. Root length, root number, shoot color, and shoot quality data were collected weekly for 12 months. The 100% nitrate treatment resulted in 30% more roots during the fall compared to the 100% ammonium treatment The 100% ammonium treatment had 26% greater root length in the spring compared to the two highest nitrate treatments. The 50:50 treatment produced greater root length during the spring and summer compared to the high nitrate treatments (0:100 and 25:75) and at least

This experiment was conducted in Al-Anbar university – College of Science. during autum season 2004, to study the effects of water stress and organic matter on yield, Consumptive water use and water efficiency of sorghum plant. The experiment included the following treatment: 1- Soil water stress(soil moisture tension) with three percentages 25, 50 and 75% of water availability. 2- Organic matter from aquatic plant with levels 0.000 , 250 and 500 gm - vase. 3- Soil type: tow soils were used with different textures. Factorial experiment was used according to completely randomized design (C.R.D.) with three replicates for each treatment. Plastic containers were used (capacity of 8 kg) with dried. And filled with sieved soils. Seeds of sorghum were planted on July - 2nd - 2004. Irrigation was done according to volumetric method to protect soil moisture stresses of the water availability percentage 25, 50 and 75%. The study continued up to December - 15th - 2004. The usage of water consumption by sorghum was calculated according to quantities of water applied for whole the period of growth season. Yield was harvested on December - 30th - 2004. Measured, also yield of seeds, water consumption and water use efficiency. The result can be summarized as follows:- 1- The yield of sorghum seed was affected significantly by changing water stress and organic matter. The interference between water deficit 25% with 250 gm - vase organic matter gave a highest yield 30.6 gm - vase (4377 kg - hec) and 43.77 gm - vase (6189 kg - hec) for the two soils, Sandy loam and clay loam respectively. The treatment water deficit 75% and zero organic matter had lower yield. 2- Water stress and organic matter were affected significantly on water consumption for sorghum. Water consumption decreased with increasing in percentage of moisture deficit, and by adding organic matter. The lower value of water consumption was in a treatment of 75%, with the water deficit 250 gm organic matter, 60.46 and 51.44 L - vase for sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. 3- Increasing in water stress caused a decrease in water efficiency values. While addition of organic matter caused on increase in water efficiency. The highest values of water efficiency was achieved by treatment of 25% water deficit with the 250 gm organic matter. Water efficiency was 0.446 and 0.729 kg - m3 for sandy loam and clay loam soils respectively. The lowest values of water use efficiency were in treatment of 75% water deficit with out organic matter for the tow soils. 4- Clay loam soil was recognized as compared with the sandy loam soil by increase yield, and less water consumption highest water use efficiency.