Retraction Note: Antiulcer activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Capparis zeylanica against chemically induced ulcers

Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in tropics and subtropics region with Nigeria accounting for the highest proportions in Africa. This is accompanied with emerging resistance to available drugs, posing it a public health concern. This study is aimed at determining the invivo activity of the individual ethanolic leaf extracts of the Azadirachta indica, Senna occidentalis and Momordica balsamina. The leaves of A. indica, S. occidentalis and M. balsamina were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. Ethanolic extraction of leaves of plants was carried out and invivo evaluation of the individual activity of extracts determined using standard procedures. 55 mice were randomly divided into 11 groups lettered A – K; positive group, negative group and 9 extract groups. Results showed that M. balsamina had the highest yield of 7.6%, followed by A. indica with 6.5% and S. occidentalis with 5.7%. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presences of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, phenolics and tannin in all plants. The comparison of the individual study groups showed that Senna occidentalis is more effective at 600mg/kg dosage and prolonged survival of the mice in its group in the study period. This plant possessed significant (P-value <0.05) antiplasmodial activity, thus lowered parasitaemia in infected mice.

G. globosa L. is an everlasting tropical annual plant reported to possess several biological activities for curing ailments such as arthritis, diabetes, asthma, bronchitis and also known to possess anti tussive, anti-oxidant, anti-asthmatic and anti-cancer activities. The amino group of protein and carbonyl group of reducing sugar undergoes a non-enzymatic protein glycation reaction that leads to major complications in Diabetic patients. Several antiglycation agents of natural or synthetic origin are there to inhibit protein glycation reaction. But due to its toxicity, antiglycation agents of plant origin are gaining importance as an effective strategy to minimize diabetic complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic, antioxidant and antiglycation activity of ethanolic leaf extract of G. globosa. The ethanolic leaf extract exerted its antidiabetic effect by inhibiting the activity of α-amylase (p<0.05) resulting in the delayed digestion of the dietary carbohydrates and lowering the amount of glucose liberated. The highest scavenging was observed at 500 μg concentrations and the percent inhibition was found to be 50.80% for DPPH assay and 57.24% (p<0.05) for hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay. 25mM of glucose concentration showed the highest uptake of glucose. The glucose adsorption capacities of G. globosa ethanolic leaf extract was directly proportional to the glucose concentration in the medium resulting in significantly higher glucose adsorption. The effect of antiglycation activity of G. globosa ethanolic leaf extract was found to be increasing with increase in time. The inhibition of ethanolic leaf extract was found to be maximum (27.66%) at 72 hr, followed by 23.7% at 48 hr and 13.7% at 24 hr for fructation with ROS modification/UV/guanosine. This result indicates that ethanolic leaf extract of G. globosa possess significant activity at desirable concentration.

The present study was designed to investigate the inflammatory and antioxidant activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Brownlowia tersa (L.) Kosterm. The anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract was studied using carrageenan and histamine-induced rat paw edema test at different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight). DPPH free radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, reducing power, Fe++ ion chelating ability and total phenolic content were used for determining antioxidant activities. The extract, at the dose of 400 mg/kg, showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity (P < 0.01) both in the carrageenan and histamine-induced edema test models in rats showing 54.76 % and 56.96 % reduction in the paw volume comparable to that produced by the standard drug indomethacin (64.88 % and 67.09 %) at 4 h respectively. In DPPH free radical scavenging test, IC50 value for ethanolic extract was found fairly significant 39.33 μg/ml when compared to the IC50 value of the reference standards ascorbic acid and Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA) (3.16 and 5.81 μg/ml) respectively. The IC50 values of the extract and ascorbic acid were 99.06 and 39.35 μg/ml, respectively in nitric oxide scavenging assay. The maximum absorbance for reducing power assay was found to be 1.276 at 100 μg/ml when compared to 2.821 and 1.231 for standard ascorbic acid and BHA respectively. The IC50 value of the extract as percentage of Fe++ ion chelating ability was also found significant compared to that of EDTA. The total phenolic content was 211.82 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent. Acute toxicity test showed that the plant might be safe for pharmacological uses up to a dose level of 3,200 mg/kg of body weight in rats. Therefore, the obtained results suggest the acute anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of Brownlowia tersa leaves and thus provide the scientific basis for the traditional uses of this plant part as a remedy for pain and inflammations.

The microbial contamination of locally processed beverages has been familiar among microbiological researchers who have repeatedly implicated them as the major cause of endemics due to poor processing. However, due to antimicrobial resistance and the need to discover new antimicrobial plants, Antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Andographis paniculata against isolates of Salmonella spp. and Esherichia coli from zobo and soya milk was studied. Andographis paniculata leaves were collected randomly from a local farm in Emene Enugu East L.G.A Enugu State. The leaves samples were identified morphologically, washed, air dried at room temperature and milled into powder. 39.7 g of the powder was macerated with ethanol during the extraction process. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the extract and result showed that Saponins, Tanins, Flavanoids, Phenols, Steriods were present with Flavanoids and Saponins being in higher concentration, while Terpernoids, Alkaloids and Glycosides were absent. The zobo and soya milk samples were diluted using 10-fold serial dilution method and introduced into the already prepared MacConkey and Salmonella Shigella Agar for incubation. Isolates from zobo and soya milk were characterized, biochemically and morphologically and were identified as E. coli and Salmonella spp. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of A. paniculata against E. coli and Salmonella spp. was determined using agar well diffusion method, and result showed that there was no antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of A. paniculata against E. coli and Salmonella spp. However, absence of Terpernoids, Alkaloids and Glycosides exhibited non-comparable activity with the positive control (ciprofloxacin).

Abstract. Okoli EC, Umaru IJ, Olawale O. 2023. Determination of phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanolic leaf extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus. Biodiversitas 24: 2272-2277. Many people in Nigeria and West Africa have long used the leaves, stem bark, and roots of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. as a medicine to treat ailments such as malaria, ulcers, coughs, and fevers. The antioxidant, antimalarial, antiulcer, and antibacterial activities of stem bark, leaves, and roots of P. erinaceus have been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity of the P. erinaceus leaf. Phytochemical compounds in ethanolic leaf extracts of P. erinaceus were analyzed and quantified by Gas Chromatography/Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The antibacterial test was performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli by agar diffusion. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH scavenging activity. Phytochemicals content in the extract include flavonoids (44.71%), alkaloids (19.47%), steroids (6.01%), tannins (1.73%), saponins (4.70%), glycosides (7.00%), tannins (2.60%), anti-nutrient (12.77%). Ethanol extracts of P. erinaceus leaves were effective against all selected bacterial strains (E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, and P. aeruginosa). DPPH scavenging activity of the ethanol extract of P.erinaceus at a concentration of 1000 ?g/mL was 49.51% and 27.20% at 40 ?g/mL, categorized as moderate antioxidant activity. This study showed that crude ethanol extracts of P. erinaceus leaf contained pharmacologically active compounds and exhibited significant antibacterial and DPPH free radical scavenging activities in a concentration-dependent manner.

Purpose: The study aims to assess the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Hibiscus asper and Hibiscus sabdariffa against eight bacterial isolates. Materials and Methods: An in vitro Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of the two plants against eight nosocomical and pathogenic bacteria viz; Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAE), Proteus vulgaris (PVU), Klebsiella aerogenes (KAE), Staphylococcus aureus (SAU), Bacillus cereus (BCE), Escherichia coli (ECO), Moraxella catarrhalis (MCA) and Salmonella typhi (STY) was carried out using agar well diffusion assay with the concentration range of 3.13 – 100 mg/mL. Results: H. asper and H. sabdariffa showed significant difference (p&lt; 0.05) in antimicrobial activity against BCE over the rest of the isolates. Inhibition zone diameters exhibited by the isolates to ethanolic leaf extract of H. asper was in descending order of BCE (15.00 ± 1.00a) &gt;ECO (11.67 ± 0.58b) &gt;SAU (7.67 ± 0.58c) &gt;PAE (6.67 ± 0.58d) &gt;STY (5.67 ± 0.58e) while that of H. sabdariffa was in the order BCE (15.33 ± 1.15a) &gt; MCA (11.33 ± 1.15b) &gt; SAU (11.00 ± 1.00bc) &gt; KAE (9.67 ± 0.58c) &gt; PAE (8.00 ± 1.00d) &gt;PVU (7.67 ± 0.57e). PVU, KAE and MCA were resistant to the extract of H. asper while only STY was resistant to that of H. sabdariffa. Conclusion: H. sabdariffa extract demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity against the selected bacterial isolates than H. asper. However, the two extracts minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) ranged from 25 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL. This is worthy of further exploration by pharmacological industries in the formulation of potent broad spectrum antibiotics for combating the present health challenge due to antimicrobial resistance.

Malaria, transmitted by Anopheles gambiae, has been a major public health concern in Africa. Chemicals used in the control of A. gambiae have caused a lot of havoc in the environment and to non-target organisms. More so, a high rate of resistance by these mosquitoes has been recorded. This study evaluated the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of ethanolic leaf extracts of Duranta erecta, Tridax procumbens and Pennisetum purpureum against A. gambiae. Phytochemical analysis of these plants revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkanoids, flavonoids, glycosides and anthroquinone. Ground dry leaves of each plant material were concentrated in 7 litres of 95% ethanol for 72 hours followed by filtration and evaporation. D. erecta, T. procumbens and P. purpureum yielded 617.2g, 598.3g and 552g of extracts respectively. The WHO standard for mosquito bioassay was adopted and concentrations 40, 100, 140 and 200 parts per million (PPM) were tested against 20 eggs and 25 larvae using emersion method. The hatching rate and % larval mortality of the extracts were recorded in which a concentration dependent increase was observed. High ovicidal activity (low egg hatchability) was recorded in D. erecta (LC50 -10.037 PPM) followed by P. purpureum and T. procumbens with LC50 values of 17.380 and 39.198 respectively. The highest larvicidal activity was observed in D. erecta (LC50 -76.943 PPM) compared to P. purpureum and T. procumbens (LC50 - 213.410 PPM and 214.217 PPM). Evidently, D. erecta ethanolic leaf extracts showed the best efficacy in the control of A. gambiae in this study. D. erecta is an environmentally friendly alternative in reducing the use of chemicals for mosquito control.

Aim: The present investigation deals with the preliminary phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant, and in vivo antidepressant activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Antigonon leptopus. Materials and Methods: In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using the parameters such as free radical scavenging using phosphomolybdenum antioxidant assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging. Ascorbic acid (AA) with the same concentration was used as an standard antioxidant. Extract was investigated further for its antidepressant activity using the forced swim test, tail suspension test, and locomotor activity using digital photoactometer. AA, fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), and imipramine (4 mg/kg, p.o) were used as reference drugs for comparison in the antioxidant and antidepressant experiments, respectively. Results and Discussions: Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids. The presence of these bioactive constituents is associated with the antioxidant and antidepressant activity of the plant. The IC50 values of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radicals were found to be 216 and 20.8 ug/ml for extract and 24.54 and 33.1 ug/ml for AA. It has been observed from our study that the extract showed significant (P < 0.01) reduction in immobility in tail suspension and forced swim model of depression comparable to imipramine. In locomotor activity testing, it showed psychostimulant effect comparable to that of standard fluoxetine. Conclusion: The results indicated that dose-dependent in vitro antioxidant activity against phosphomolybdenum antioxidant assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging by ethanolic leaf extract of A. leptopus comparable with that of standard AA. The antioxidant and antidepressant effect of A. leptopus seems to be mediated due to the presence of various phytochemical constituents.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the laxative and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of leaf and root of Amaranthus viridis L. The laxative activity of ethanolic leaf extract of A. viridis was studied using six groups of wistar albino rats; Group I which served as the negative control received 0.5ml/kg of normal saline, Group II received 10mg/kg of Dulcolax and the rest of the groups (III-VI) received 400, 200, 100 and 50mg/kg of the extract respectively. The laxative activity of the ethanolic leaf extract was expressed as the mean of total weight of faecal output in each group. A significant (p&lt;0.05) dose dependent increase in the faecal output was observed at the 200mg/kg (3.00 ±1.41gm) and 400mg/kg (3.50 ±2.12gm) doses compared with the negative control. The antimicrobial activity was expressed as the diameter of the zone of inhibition hence the minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined. The antimicrobial activity of the A. viridis leaf and root extracts had dose dependent increases in all the tested organisms from their various minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The result confirmed that the leaves and root of A. viridis possess laxative and antimicrobial activity.

Plants are valuable sources of new pharmaceuticals. Secondary metabolites of the genus Erythrophleum exhibit cytotoxicity and may have therapeutic value. The cytotoxic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Erythrophleum succirubrum Gagnep. against a human cholangiocarcinoma cell line was assessed. Crude extract of E. succirubrum was prepared by ethanol extraction. The ethanolic leaf extract of E. succirubrum was evaluated for cytotoxicity against the human cholangiocarcinoma cell line KKU-M213 using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. The chemical composition of E. succirubrum leaf extract was analyzed using GC/MS. The ethanolic leaf extract of E. succirubrum reduced the viability of KKU-M213 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. It showed high cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 65.22 ± 1.18 µg/mL and 1.19 ± 1.38 µg/mL at exposure times of 24 and 96 h, respectively. GC/MS analysis of the ethanolic leaf extract of E. succirubrum identified 22 components. The main constituents identified were Cyclohexanone, 2-[2-nitro-1-(2-naphthyl)ethyl]-(14.79%) followed by allomycin (14.65%), mome inositol (14.30%), campesterol (11.80%) and ethyl linolenate (10.83%), respectively. Five major groups of compounds were found, with lipids dominating, followed by carbohydrates, benzenoids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides and organoheterocyclic compounds. Many of the bioactive components discovered in the ethanolic leaf extract of E. succirubrum might be responsible for its cytotoxic properties.

The stomach is the roomiest portion of gastrointestinal tract. It serves as a reservoir for ingested food, secrets enzymes and hydrochloric acid for digestion of foods. This study was aimed at evaluating the anti-ulcer activity of ethanol leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium in diclofenac induced albino rat models. G. latifolium leaves powder (1600 g) was weighed and extracted by cold maceration for 72 hours in 15 L of ethanol. Qualitative phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity study of the extract were done. Anti-inflammatory activities of the extract were tested on both heat and hypo tonicity induced hemolysis. Ulcer index, percentage ulcer protection and percentage mucus production were estimated for various concentrations of the extract. There was also histopathology examination of the gastric epithelium. The extractive percentage yield of G. latifolium was 24.69%. The phytocomponents were small concentrations of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and saponins. Only glycosides were present in moderately high concentrations. The median lethal dose (LD50) was ˃ 5.000 mg/kg body weight. The extract exhibited dose dependent percentage inhibition of inflammation; and at the dose of 1,000 µg/ml, attained percentage inhibitions of 86.75 and 85.87% for heat and hypo tonicity induced inflammations respectively. At the dose of 800 mg/kg body weight, Gongronema latifolium leaf extract recorded percentage ulcer inhibition of 57.18%, which was comparable with the percentage inhibition of omeprazole (62.71%). In conclusion, the good anti-ulcer activity of ethanol leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium can be attributable to its anti-inflammatory as well as enhancement of gastric mucus production.

Lung cancer is the second most frequent cancer, accounting for one out of every five male cancers and one out of every nine female cancers. Treatment for lung cancer is determined by the disease's cell type, the extent to which it has spread, and the patient's overall health. It is common knowledge that tumours impart resistance to chemotherapeutic medicines or radiation in part owing to apoptotic pathway dysfunction in cancer cells. Digera muricata (D.muricata) has been used as medicinal remedies for various ailments due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor activity. The objective of the study was to examine the cytotoxic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of D.muricata on lung cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic potency of D.muricata leaf extract was carried out by MTT assay against the lung cancer cell line (A549). Different concentrations of D.muricata ethanolic leaf extract (25-150µg/ml) were treated for 24h. Furthermore, the morphological changes were analysed using phase contrast microscopy. Pro-apoptotic and nuclear morphological changes in D. muricata ethanolic leaf extract treated cells were examined using DAPI staining. The ethanolic leaf extract of D.muricata showed the dose dependent cytotoxic potency against the A549 cell line which confirmed with greater morphological changes upon 24 hrs treatment. The MTT assay clearly showed that the D.muricata treatment has significantly reduced the cell viability when the concentration was increased for 24hrs. We observed IC-50 dose at 50 μg/ml concentration. DAPI staining clearly showed condensed chromatin and fragmented nuclei in treated lung cancer cells. All these results clearly showed that ethanolic extract of D. muricata treatment significantly inhibited the cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells.

Aim: The aim of the present study is to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening followed by an investigation of the in vitro anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, and thrombolytic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Bauhinia purpurea. Methods: Phytochemical screening was done to find the presence of various secondary metabolites of the plant. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by human red blood cell (HRBC) method. Using hypotonic solution-induced human erythrocyte lysis model, membrane-stabilizing activity was examined by considering aspirin as standard. Thrombolytic activity was evaluated using the in vitro clot lysis model. Egg albumin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were used to evaluate the antiarthritic potential. Results and Discussion: Phytochemical tests of ethanolic leaf extract of B. purpurea indicated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, lignin’s, carbohydrates, proteins, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. In case of anti-inflammatory activity, the maximum percentage stabilization of HRBC membrane was observed as 59.2% at 500 μg/ml concentration. The maximum percentage inhibition by BSA method and egg albumin method was observed as 82.2% and 94%, respectively, at 500 μg/ml concentration for antiarthritic activity. During assay for thrombolytic activity, it revealed that 91.02 ± 2.6% lysis of clot, while standard streptokinase and water used as positive and negative controls, demonstrated 72.835 ± 5.702% and 2.725 ± 0.983% lysis of clot, respectively.Conclusion: The present outcomes highlight the role of ethanolic leaf extract of B. purpurea for its anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, and thrombolytic activities. It reveals that the phytochemical constituents are responsible for these activities.

Helminthiasis also known as worm infestation is one of the most prevalent parasitic infestations both in developed and developing countries with about 1.45 million people infested with soil transmitted helminths. The emergence of resistance and toxicity to the conventional anthelmintic drugs and the increasing concern over the presence of drug residues in animal products has led to a renewal of interest in the use of plant based drugs. Therefore, in the current study we aimed for evaluation of anthelmintic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Pseuderanthemum latifolium. Leaves of P. latifolium was subjected to successive solvent extraction by continuous hot extraction (Soxhlet) with ethanol. The in-vitro anthelmintic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of P. latifolium was determined. Results revealed that the mean time for paralysis (min) was found to be 19.54, 59.49, 48.69, and 29.65 in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. The mean time for death (min) was found to be 23.65, 63.60, 52.80, and 33.76 in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. The results inferred that ethanolic leaf extract of P. latifolium at 50 mg/mL shown anthelmintic activity in terms of time for paralysis and death at par with that of standard anthelmintic drug. In conclusion, ethanolic leaf extract of P. latifolium could be explored in development of natural anthelmintic formulations owing its anthelmintic potential.

We believe on natural remedy from ancient time. Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani medicine system gives sufficient importance to Amorphophallus paeoniifolius for its therapeutic efficiency. A. paeoniifolius is commonly known as “elephant foot yam”. The tuber, corms, and leaf parts are having therapeutic importance. At first, the leaves of the plant were collected from the locality of Hooghly district, West Bengal, India in the month of August. After shade drying and size reduction, maceration process was performed using hydroalcoholic solvent (80:20). Phytochemical tests were performed to identify the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponin, inulin, proteins and carbohydrates. A large group of Streptozotocin (STZ) and Alloxan-induced diabetic adult zebrafishes (Danio rerio) were taken, weighed and divided into control, test (A. paeoniifolius leaf extract 15, 30 and 50 mg/dl concentration) and standard groups. At 72 h, all group of zebrafishes were weighed and sacrificed to check their final blood glucose level (Accu-Chek: NC Roche). Leaf extract of A. paeoniifolius showed anti-diabetic activity on zebrafish at 15, 30 and 50 mg/dl concentration. Different concentration of test sample (15, 30 and 50 mg/dl) showed significant anti-diabetic activity on zebrafish model where different standard diabetes-induced model (by using STZ and alloxan) were used. Keywords : alloxan, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Danio rerio, streptozotocin (STZ) Cite this Article Mukherjee, Bose. Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius by Streptozotocin and Alloxan-Induced Model Using Danio rerio . Research &amp; Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy . 2020; 7(3): 18–29p.