Retraction Note: Ameliorative potentials of Persea americana leaf extract on toxicants - induced oxidative assault in multiple organs of Wistar albino rat

BackgroundAvocado (Persea americana) is one of the plants widely used in ethnomedicine in Nigeria. The present study was aimed at investigating effects of aqueous Avocado (Persea americana) leaf extract on total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, protein and haematological parameters in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-intoxicated rats.MethodsWe evaluated the possible effects of pre-treatment with aqueous extract of Persea americana (AEPA) on protein, total cholesterol (T-CHOL), triacylglycerols (TAGs) and haematological parameters in Wistar male albino rats intoxicated with CCl4. Group 1 was the healthy control; group 2 rats were pre-treated with Reducdyn® (100 mg/kg/day) as a standard drug, groups 4 and 5 rats were pre-treated with AEPA at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg per day respectively, the treatments were administered orally for 7 days. On the seventh day, rats in the treatment groups were injected with a fresh mixture of CCl4 and olive oil (3 ml/kg, 1:1; sc).ResultsPre-treatment of rats with AEPA resulted in marked increase (p < 0.05) in total protein and reduction in T-CHOL (19–34%) compared to CCl4 alone. Also, there was significant decrease (p < 0.05) in serum TAG concentration when rats were pre-treated with 100 mg and 200 mg kg− 1 b. wt. AEPA. Similarly, AEPA provoked (p < 0.05) a lowering of T-CHOL and TAG levels and an increase in liver protein concentration in the rats. Administration of AEPA at both concentrations restored (p < 0.05) WBC count and ameliorated neutropenia and lymphocytosis caused by CCl4 intoxication.ConclusionThese results suggest that AEPA could be protective against the development of fatty liver and might also be exhibiting the potential to prevent alterations in haematological parameters caused by CCl4 intoxication in rats.

To evaluate the toxicity of fish captured with Tephrosia Vogelii (TV), an ichtyotoxic plant, the Wistar albino rats were fed with the flour of tilapias Sarotherodon melanotheron poisoned with TV leaves powder. This study aimed to evaluate the poisonous effects of TV on various organs of rats, especially the liver and kidney. Three groups of Wistar rats were constituted and fed for 28 days. Histological sections were done on the liver and kidneys. Plasmatic levels of alanine aminotransaminase (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransaminase (ASAT) were measured. The histological sections carried out on their organs presented no lesions. However, the biochemical parameters, ALAT and ASAT showed a slight change. This study shows that the ingestion of fish poisoned with T. vogelii does not provoke any digestive lesion in Wistar rats, but the slight changes in biochemical parameters makes it foreseeable to prohibit fishing with T. vogelii and to prevent their consumption by humans. &nbsp; Key words: Tephrosia vogelii, ichtyotoxic, Wistar rat.

BackgroundAvocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) have been traditionally used as antihypertensive. Various studies have tested the benefits of thePersea americana Mill. in treating hypertension but still using extracts not yet using nanoparticles. Therefore, this study aims to study the effectiveness of avocado leaf extract, including the nanoparticles, on salt-induced hypertensive Wistar rats in inhibiting the ACE enzyme, which causes decreasing systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) as well as increasing urine volume.MethodsThis study used an experimentalin vivo study design involving 24 white male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 2–3 months, weighing 130–250 g, and of a healthy condition with active movement. The samples were randomly divided into six treatment groups and post-test only research design with control group design.ResultsThe result of the study showed that the extract contained a quercetin of 1129.597 ppm and 10 mineral compounds, including potassium, with the highest content. The analysis of antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method showed that the antioxidant activity at IC50 was 44.734 ppm. TheP. americana leaf extract nanoparticles had the most significant result in reducing blood pressure in Wistar rats induced by 16% NaCl for 14 days SBP to normal was by 68.75 mmHg (175.00±21.57 mmHg to 106.25±9.21 mmHg) and 55.25 mmHg (128.42±25.75 mmHg to 73.17±15.75 mmHg), respectively. Also, avocado leaf extract caused the decrease of SBP from 164.92±7.16 mmHg to 116.83±6.36 mmHg and DBP from 118.42±16.24 mmHg to 82.83±6.47 mmHg. TheP. americana leaf extract nanoparticles resulted in the most urine volume at 13.5 ml, with the highest DAI value of 2.25. The ACE inhibitor test using the ELISA method showed that theP. americana leaf extract and the nanoparticle extract inhibition against the ACE enzyme were 60.0±12.1 % and 59.5±3%, respectively. The mean serum nitrate as a result ofP. americana leaf extract (K4) and nanoparticles ofP. americana leaf extract (K5) were 44.0±9.0 μmol/L and 41.1±11.5 μmol/L, respectively. The mean of serum nitrite was led byP. americana leaf extract (K4), and nanoparticles of P. americana leaf extract (K5) were 83.7±24.0 μmol/L and 81.0±23.2 μmol/L, sequentially.ConclusionsThe study showed that the leaf extract and nanoparticle extract ofPersea americana Mill. was effective as an antihypertensive.

Background Avocado leaves ( Persea americana Mill.) have been traditionally used as antihypertensive. Various studies have tested the benefits of the Persea americana Mill. in treating hypertension but still using extracts not yet using nanoparticles. Therefore, this study aims to study the effectiveness of avocado leaf extract, including the nanoparticles, on salt-induced hypertensive Wistar rats in inhibiting the ACE enzyme, which causes decreasing systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) as well as increasing urine volume. Methods This study used an experimental in vivo study design involving 24 white male Wistar rats ( Rattus norvegicus), aged 2-3 months, weighing 130-250 g, and of a healthy condition with active movement. The samples were randomly divided into six treatment groups and post-test only research design with control group design. Results The result of the study showed that the extract contained a quercetin of 1129.597 ppm and 10 mineral compounds, including potassium, with the highest content. The analysis of antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method showed that the antioxidant activity at IC 50 was 44.734 ppm. The P. americana leaf extract nanoparticles had the most significant result in reducing blood pressure in Wistar rats induced by 16% NaCl for 14 days SBP to normal was by 68.75 mmHg (175.00±21.57 mmHg to 106.25±9.21 mmHg) and 55.25 mmHg (128.42±25.75 mmHg to 73.17±15.75 mmHg), respectively. Also, avocado leaf extract caused the decrease of SBP from 164.92±7.16 mmHg to 116.83±6.36 mmHg and DBP from 118.42±16.24 mmHg to 82.83±6.47 mmHg. The P. americana leaf extract nanoparticles resulted in the most urine volume at 13.5 ml, with the highest DAI value of 2.25. The ACE inhibitor test using the ELISA method showed that the P. americana leaf extract and the nanoparticle extract inhibition against the ACE enzyme were 60.0±12.1 % and 59.5±3%, respectively. The mean serum nitrate as a result of P. americana leaf extract (K4) and nanoparticles of P. americana leaf extract (K5) were 44.0±9.0 μmol/L and 41.1±11.5 μmol/L, respectively. The mean of serum nitrite was led by P. americana leaf extract (K4), and nanoparticles of P. americana leaf extract (K5) were 83.7±24.0 μmol/L and 81.0±23.2 μmol/L, sequentially. Conclusions The study showed that the leaf extract and nanoparticle extract of Persea americana Mill. was effective as an antihypertensive.

The aim of this study was to determine the hematological and biochemical changes occurred in the blood of arsenic-exposed Wistar albino rats during 90 days sodium-arsenite exposure study, and additionally to investigate the histological injury in the organs (liver, kidney, spleen and heart) of Wistar rats along with identifying the accumulation pattern of arsenic in those organs.Wistar rats received the following treatments: (1) distilled water; (2) arsenic (10 ppm); (3) arsenic (30 ppm) (4) arsenic (50 ppm).We found anemia, immunosuppression as well as significant increase in liver enzyme activity in the blood of arsenic intoxicated rats.Moreover, this toxic metalloid produced marked necrosis in liver and kidney of rats, whereas in heart mild muscle necrosis was observed.In case of spleen, enlarged white pulp was seen with marked hemorrhage and necrosis.Besides, we also have found that liver and spleen accrued more arsenic than kidney and heart.So, for better understanding of the toxic effects of arsenic the findings of our study in animal model might become useful which will also aid to develop effective drug against arsenic mediated toxic effects on human health.

Due to its use in traditional medication and its leaves and pods being considered as potential fodder for livestock the toxicity of Albizia lebbeck needs to be thoroughly explored. The study evaluated the effects of 70% methanol extract of Albizia lebbeck leaves on body weight, hematological parameters and histopathology of digestive organs in Wistar rats. Twenty-one healthy adult female rats were experimented with and divided into two groups of six and fifteen animals. Six rats were randomly subdivided into two groups of three rats each for plant extract LD50 determination at 2000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg dosages, respectively. Fifteen rats were randomly sub-allotted into three groups of five animals. Group I the control received distilled water by gavaging. Groups II and III received 100mg/kg and 400mg/kg of the extract, respectively—treatment covered 30 days. On day 31, the body weight of each rat was recorded before being sacrificed under chloroform. Blood was collected for hematological analysis. The liver and stomach were trimmed and processed for histopathology. The results revealed the LD50 of the extract to begreater than 5000 mg/kg. Extract treatment had no significant effects on the rat’s body weight. A significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in WBC, Eosinophils, RBC, and Hematocrit was revealed at 100 mg/kg of extract treatment. A dosage of 400 mg/kg of the extract caused a significant increase in Eosinophils and Lymphocytes. However, the plant extract caused a significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease in Mean Platelet Volume and Platelet Distribution Width at both doses, Monocytes and Neutrophils at 400 mg/kg and Mean Corpuscular Volume and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin at 100 mg/kg compared with the control. Both doses of the extract treatments caused lesions in the liver characterized by, necrosis, sinusoidal dilatation and inflammatory cell infiltration with no significant lesions in the stomach. In conclusion, the extract of Albizia lebbeck leaves caused a significant decrease in some hematological parameters and some lesions in the liver at 100 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg.

Adverse effects of plant extracts on body weight, relative organ weight and histopathology are important indicators of toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the hydromethanolic stem extract of Costus afer Ker Gawl. (Costaceae). OECD (2008) Guideline 425 was used to evaluate oral acute toxicity of the extract. Sub-chronic oral administration of the extract on body weight, relative organ weight (ROW) and histopathology of selected organs in Wistar rats were evaluated using OECD 1995 guideline 407. Forty Wistar rats of both sexes were divided into 4 groups. Rats in control group (Group I) received 1 ml/kg/day distilled water while Groups II, III and IV rats received 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day of the extract respectively for 28 days. All treatments were administered orally. The rats were sacrificed under light halothane anaesthesia on the 29th day and the target organs were harvested, weighed and examined macroscopically for any morphological changes and microscopically for any lesions. There were no significant changes in mean body weights of rats and relative organ weights of selected organs in the extract treated groups when compared with the control group (distilled water). Although histological features of the brain, heart, stomach mucosa, lungs, spleen, ovaries and uterus in the extract treated groups were similar to those of control, slight to moderate renal and hepatic necrosis and necrosis of secondary spermatogenic cells at doses of 500 mg/kg and above of the extract were observed in the kidneys, liver and testes respectively. Caution should be exercised on sub-chronic administration of this extract as it may be toxic to the kidneys, liver and testes.

The concentrations of copper, iron, and zinc in the major organs of Wistar albino (Rattus norvegicus) and wild black rats (Rattus rattus) were measured by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy. The copper levels in the kidneys and liver of the Wistar albino rats (WARs) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the wild black rats (WBRs). There were no significant differences in the concentrations of zinc in the liver, lungs, kidneys, and brain between the two study groups, but zinc was significantly higher in the spleen (p<0.05) and lower in the heart (p<0.05) of WAR, compared to WBRs. Iron was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the heart and spleen of WBRs, compared to WARs. There were no extreme differences in the organ concentrations of trace elements between the two species, but, cumulatively, the WARs tend to have higher metallic concentrations in their system than the WBRs. The potential of these differences on the experimental results should not be overlooked and will serve as basis to further consider the complex interrelationships of these animals in their microenvironments and macroenvironments.

The bark extract of Pterocarpus tinctorius (Fabaceae) is traditionally used to treat diseases such as diabetes, gonorrhoea, hypertension, stomachache and bacterial gastroenteritis. However, little is known about toxicity and phytochemicals found in the bark of Pterocarpus tinctorius. Therefore, this study aimed at phytochemical screening and investigating acute oral toxicity of the stem bark of Pterocarpus tinctorius in Wistar rats. Wistar rats (N=3 per group) were randomly assigned to four groups: negative control, 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg methanolic sub-extract. A single dose was administered and female Wistar rats were observed for 14 days according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines for acute toxicity testing in rats. After dosing, rats were individually observed for their physical and behavioural changes throughout the study. The body weight of Wistar rats were monitored weekly and gross pathological changes of rat organs were observed. In addition, the biochemical markers and organ-body weight ratios of the kidneys and the liver were measured. Qualitative phytochemical tests were carried out to determine the types of phytochemicals present in the bark of Pterocarpus tinctorius. There were no signs of toxicity observed in all treatment groups and no abnormalities were observed on organs of rats. There was no significant difference in body weight, organ-body weight and biochemical markers with p&gt;0.05, for the Wistar rats in all treatment groups compared to the negative control. Phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, anthocyanins and saponins in the stem bark of Pterocarpus tinctoriusas compounds that could be responsible to treat diseases in traditional medicine. This study demonstrated that Pterocarpus tinctorius methanolic bark sub-extract is not acutely toxic to the liver and kidneys up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. It is highly recommended that toxicity studies on other organs of rats such as the heart, brain, pancreas and intestines are carried out.

Some bioactive nutrient chemical composition and effect of Datura stramonium leaf extract on body weight using Wistar albino rats were investigated using standard methods. D. stramonium leaves were procured from Rhema University school farm and processed for further studies. Some amino acids observed in the sample were lysine (3.16±0.12 g/100g protein), threonine (2.27±0.14 g/100g protein), glutamic acid (10.94±0.15 g/100g protein), and proline (1.62±0.13 g/100g protein). The amino acid groups of the leaf sample showed a Total Acidic Amino Acid (TAAA) of 18.04 g/100g protein (32.19%), Total Neutral Amino Acid (TNAA) of 14.38 g/100g protein (25.66%) and Total Basic Amino Acid (TBAA) of 11.00 g/100g protein (19.63%). Lauric acid, stearic acid and linolenic acids were among the fatty acids observed in D. stramonium in this study. The leaf extract showed significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced effects on weight and some visceral organs in Wistar albino rats. These effects could be due to the presence of these bioactive compounds observed in the plant. This study has shown some bioactive nutrient chemical composition and effect of D. stramonium leaf extract on body weight using Wistar albino rats.

Effect of long intake of aspartame on ionic imbalance in immune organs of immunized wistar albino rats

BackgroundPersea americana (PA) is a popular medicinal plant in folkloric medicines. The present study therefore investigates the ameliorative potentials of its leaves extract on carbon tetrachloride and rifampicin-induced toxicity in the liver, kidney and heart of albino rat. This was aimed at assessing the potentials of the plant in the management of liver, kidney and heart diseases.MethodologyForty (40) rats were randomly divided into eight (8) groups of five animals each. Groups I and II were administered with only distilled water and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) respectively. Groups III and IV animals received 3.0 ml/kg bw of CCl4 and were treated with the extract at 50 mg/kg bw and 100 mg/kg respectively, while group V received 100 mg/kg bw. of silymarin orally for 14 days. Groups VI animals were administered with rifampicin (250 mg/kg bw.) only, while groups VII and VIII animals received rifampicin and were treated with 50 mg and 100 mg/kg bw of the extract respectively. Activities of creatine kinase, aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, catalase as well as levels of urea, uric acid, bilirubin and malonidialdehyde (MDA) were assayed. Lipid profiles and histopathological examination of liver and kidney slices were also performed.ResultTreatment with P. americana significantly (p < 0.05) restored all deranged biochemical parameters (creatine kinase, aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, uric acid, bilirubin, MDA, lipid profile as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase) in a dose-dependent manner. Normal hepatic and renal histoarchitecture were also restored following treatment with P. americana.ConclusionAmelioration of distorted cardiac, hepatic and renal histoarchitecture as well as restoration of lipid profile, biomarkers of liver and kidney injury and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) affirm the potential usefulness of P. americana in the management of liver, kidney and heart diseases.

The present study investigated the pathological effects of trace metals in organs of Wistar rats fed with extracts of grasses collected from areas surrounding mining industries. The rats were examined for clinical signs during the experimental period and the concentration of trace metals in organs was examined using ICP-MS. The kidneys were analysed for pathological changes under Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Generally, trace metal concentration in the organs of the rats followed the order Zn > Cu > Mn > As. These trace metals were bio-accumulated more in the spleen than kidneys and livers. Clinical signs such as hair loss, reduced fluid intake, pale ears and feet and skin irritation were observed. TEM investigation of kidney glomeruli showed pathology such as the presence of mesangial deposits, as well as the villous formation and effaced foot processes of the podocytes. Trace metals were bioaccumulated in the organs of the rats and spleen had a higher concentration, which might have negative effects on the organs. It was concluded from the study that plants harvested from polluted sites might be harmful when consumed as they have the potential to induce organ dysfunction.

Background. In the experimental study of potential medicines, animal studies are of the greatest prognostic importance. Domestic authors performed most of the experimental toxicological work on rats of outbred colonies (mongrel (albino) and wistar). The variability of numerous literature data obtained over a long time range on the physiological parameters of mongrel rats and wistar rats indicates the need for their comparative characteristics in one study.Aim. To evaluate the main indicators for wistar and albino rats used in assessing the acute and chronic toxicity of pharmaceutical compounds and to determine the physiological characteristics of the animals in these colonies.Materials and methods. Female albino and wistar rats of the same age were used in the experiment. The animals were kept in the same conditions according to international ethical standards. The condition, behavior, body weight, peripheral blood parameters, feed intake, daily diuresis, neurological reactions, mass coefficients of internal organs were evaluated.It was found that in wistar rats, body weight increases significantly more slowly, its weekly increase is ≈4–5 %, in Albino ≈10 %. The number of red blood cells and hemoglobin levels are significantly lower, the volume of red blood cells is larger, and the hemoglobin content is higher for Albino rats. For wistar, an increased level of anxiety in the open field test and a lower variability of the arithmetic mean error were demonstrated.Conclusion. The features of the physiological parameters of the studied colonies of mongrel rats are within the reference intervals. The choice in favor of Albino rats or wistar rats in modeling preclinical experiments depends on the type and objectives of the study. when studying the neurotoxicity of drugs, the increased anxiety level of wistar rats should be taken into account.

A total number of 30 Wistar rats were used for the experiment and acclimatized for two weeks prior to the commencement of the consumption of the seeds (Garcinia kola and Cola nitida). The rats were grouped into four (4) groups A, B C and D. Group A serves as the control having just 5rats which were fed with feeds without any treatment. Group B contained 15 rats feed with Garcinia kola seeds orally and the rats in this group were sub divided into 3 sub-groups having 5 rats each which were feed varying amounts of Garcinia kola seeds in 25kg, 50kg and 75kg concentration per subgroup. These same procedures were applied to Group C which was feed with Cola nitida in the same variation as group B. However, group D were feed with an average combination of both Garcinia kola and Cola nitida meaning that for 25kg treatment concentration, 12.5kg of each powdered seeds were used and likewise for the 50kg and 75kg treatment concentrations. The animals were feed in these rotations for 6weeks. The weight of each rat were measured and recorded at the end of each week. At the end of the treatments, the Wistar albino rats were sacrifice by cervical dislocation to test for the effect of the treatment on the Full Blood Count, Liver, Kidney and Sperm. The results showed that ingestion of G. Kola seed resulted in significantly reduced sperm count, motility, mild changes in the full blood count and abnormalities present in the liver and kidney.