Retraction: Case study: three dimensional analysis of the swimming behaviour of daphnia magna exposed to nanosized titanium dioxide

Abstract

Nanosized titanium dioxide particles (nTiO 2 ) tend to adhere to biological surfaces and thus we hypothesize that they effect on swimming behavior of aquatic animal. In this article, we exposed water fleas Daphnia magna to 5 and 20 mg/L nTiO 2 for 96h showed a significantly reduced growth rate compared to a 1 mg/L treatment and the control group. Using three- dimensional video observations of swimming trajectories, we observed a treatment dependent swarming behavior of daphnia magna and mean velocities that increased with increasing body length of daphnia magna. Spectral analysis of swimming velocities revealed that high frequency variance, which we consider as a measure of swimming activities, was significantly reduced in the 5- 20 mg/L treatments.