Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) has been actively studied as a noninvasive imaging technology to generate retinal blood vessel network maps for the diagnoses of retinal diseases. Given that the uses of OCT and OCTA have increased in the field of ophthalmology, it is necessary to develop retinal phantoms for clinical OCT for product development, performance evaluation, calibration, certification, medical device licensing, and production processes. We developed a retinal layer-mimicking phantom with microfluidic channels based on microfluidic fabrication technology using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder. We implemented superficial and deep retinal vessels using microfluidic channels. In addition, multilayered thin films were synthesized with multiple spin-coating processes that comprised layers that corresponded to the retinal layers, including the ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and inner nuclear layer (INL). The phantom was formed by merging the multilayered thin film, and microfluidic channels were assembled with an optical lens, water chamber, and an aluminum tube case. Finally, we obtained cross-sectional OCT images and en-face OCTA images of the retinal phantom using lab-made ophthalmic OCT. From the cross-sectional OCT image, we could compare each of the layer thicknesses of the phantom with the corresponding layer thicknesses of the human retina. In addition, we obtained en-face OCTA images with injections of intralipid solutions. It is shown that this phantom will be able to be potentially used as a convenient tool to evaluate and standardize the quality and accuracy of OCT and OCTA images.
Highlights
The identification of the capillary dropout or pathologic neovascularization has become important because retinal vascular changes constitute various markers of major retinal diseases that led to blindness, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy [1,2]
Through the injection of the red ink, we could check whether the plasma bonding between each layer (Steps 1, 3, and 4, of Fig. 4) created an inseparable incorporation, and whether the fluid only flowed through the channels without any leaks
We proposed an advanced retina phantom with a multilayered thin film and two microfluidic channels to emulate the human retina based on microfluidic fabrication technology
Summary
The identification of the capillary dropout or pathologic neovascularization has become important because retinal vascular changes constitute various markers of major retinal diseases that led to blindness, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy [1,2]. Various techniques used for retinal angiography, like fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), have served as standard methods for imaging the retinal vascular structure, and for the diagnosis and monitoring of specific pathologies [3]. These conventional angiographic techniques involve the intravenous injection of exogenous contrast agents in the vascular system. These techniques require time and cost to acquire the angiographic images. As the FA and ICGA in fundus imaging generate only two-dimensional (2D) en-face images, it is difficult to distinguish vascular networks at different depths (superficial retinal, deep retinal, and choriocapillaries)
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