Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency exemplified by self-sustaining, unceasing seizures or swiftly recurring seizure events with no recovery between seizures. The early phase after SE event is associated with neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and abnormal neurogenesis in the hippocampus though the extent of these changes depends on the severity and duration of seizures. In many instances, over a period, the initial precipitating injury caused by SE leads to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), typified by spontaneous recurrent seizures, cognitive, memory and mood impairments associated with chronic inflammation, reduced neurogenesis, abnormal synaptic reorganization, and multiple molecular changes in the hippocampus. While antiepileptic drugs are efficacious for terminating or greatly reducing seizures in most cases of SE, they have proved ineffective for easing SE-induced epileptogenesis and TLE. Despite considerable advances in elucidating SE-induced multiple cellular, electrophysiological, and molecular changes in the brain, efficient strategies that prevent SE-induced TLE development are yet to be discovered. This review critically confers the efficacy and promise of resveratrol, a phytoalexin found in the skin of red grapes, for easing SE-induced neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, aberrant neurogenesis, and for restraining the evolution of SE-induced brain injury into a chronic epileptic state typified by spontaneous recurrent seizures, and learning, memory, and mood impairments.
Highlights
Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency exemplified by continuous tonic-clonic seizure activity lasting five or more minutes or a series of seizures with no recovery between them [1]
We focus on discussing the promise of resveratrol (RESV), a phytoalexin found in the skin of red grapes, certain berries, and peanuts, for easing SE-induced neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, epileptogenesis, chronic seizures and the associated comorbidities
It is likely that RESV is not efficacious for enhancing glucose handling in subjects where normal glucose homeostasis is already maintained but effective in subjects suffering from insulin resistance
Summary
Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency exemplified by continuous tonic-clonic seizure activity lasting five or more minutes or a series of seizures with no recovery between them [1]. A greater portion of residual neurogenesis in the chronic phase remains aberrant with much of newly born neurons migrating into the DH or giving rise to basal dendrites [34] Both decreased and abnormal neurogenesis in the chronic phase likely contribute to learning, memory, and mood impairments, in addition to enhancing epileptogenic circuitry. Anticonvulsant drugs, such as dizocilpine and retigabine, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra, interleukin-1β inhibitor VX765, or a melatonin receptor agonist agomelatine, can provide partial protection against SE-induced neuron loss and inflammation but cannot prevent epileptogenesis [63,64,65] This discrepancy reflects the fact that neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are not the exclusive reasons driving epileptogenesis and the occurrence of SRS after SE or brain injury [66]. The other features of RESV that are attractive for therapeutic use include its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier after peripheral administration, its minimal side effects and its prolonged activity in the brain (~4 h) after peripheral administration [87,88,89]
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