Abstract
Six field studies were completed in Ontario (during 2016 to 2018) to assess the tolerance of adzuki, kidney, small red and navy bean to 2,4-D ester at 528 or 1056 g·ai·ha-1 applied 14, 7 and 1 day before seeding (PP) and 3 days after seeding (PRE). 2,4-D applied PP or PRE caused as much as 4%, 6%, 7% and 8% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red and navy (white) bean, respectively. There was an increase in bean injury as the preplant interval decreased. At 1 WAE, 2,4-D applied at 1056 g·ai·ha-1 14, 7 and 1 day PP and 3 days after seeding caused up to 6%, 10%, 18% and 5% visible bean injury, respectively. The level of injury decreased over time with minimal bean injury (0 to 3%) at 8 WAE. Bean stand counts were similar to the non-treated control with 2,4-D applied at various timings except at 1 day PP when 2,4-D at the 2X rate decreased bean stand 13%. There was up to 23% and 43% decrease in bean dry weight with 2,4-D applied PP at 528 and 1056 g·ai·ha-1 7 and 1 day PP, respectively. Bean height (6 WAE) was not affected by 2,4-D applied at various timings except at 1 day PP when 2,4-D (1056 g·ai·ha-1) decreased bean height 10%. Additionally, there was no effect of 2,4-D treatments on bean maturity or yield. Based on these results, the safest times to apply 2,4-D are 14 days before seeding or PRE. Injury was higher when 2,4-D was applied 7 and 1 day PP. Injury was lower in adzuki bean compared to kidney, small red or navy bean.
Highlights
Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a short season crop that was first cultivated by aboriginal peoples in South America [1]
Six field studies were completed in Ontario to assess the tolerance of adzuki, kidney, small red and navy bean to 2,4-D ester at 528 or 1056 g∙ai∙ha−1 applied 14, 7 and 1 day before seeding (PP) and 3 days after seeding (PRE). 2,4-D applied PP or PRE caused as much as 4%, 6%, 7% and 8% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red and navy bean, respectively
Bean stand counts were similar to the non-treated control with 2,4-D applied at various timings except at 1 day PP when 2,4-D at the 2X rate decreased bean stand 13%
Summary
Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a short season crop that was first cultivated by aboriginal peoples in South America [1]. The top dry bean producers (mostly for domestic use) in the world include Brazil, India, China and Myanmar [1]. The top dry bean exporting countries include Myanmar, China, Canada, the United States and Argentina, exporting as much as 2.6 to 3.5 million tonnes of dry bean annually [1]. In Canada, dry edible bean is primarily grown in Ontario, Manitoba, and Alberta. Growers in these provinces harvest approximately 220,000 MT of dry bean grown on 110,000 ha, mostly for export to other countries [2]
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