Response to Doty 2025, predicting odor from structure is useful.

Attempts to map odor percepts to physical and chemical parameters have a long and challenging history. In contrast to color vision, where three classes of photoreceptors respond to the same stimulus property (wavelength), ~400 classes of olfactory receptors are available to respond in a non-linear non-additive fashion to ~5000 different chemical parameters. Theoretically, millions of permutations between structural elements of chemicals and their smells are possible, and some chemicals with different structures have the same odor and vice versa. Importantly, the same odor quality can come from multiple environmental objects and most odors depend upon the synthesis of a complex melody of volatile chemicals that individually can have dissimilar smells. At the individual receptor level, both agonists and antagonists within a mixture can impact receptor function. Hence, it is perhaps not surprising that no universal relationship between odor quality and underlying physical or chemical dimensions analogous to spectral wavelength for vision or air pressure waves for hearing has yet been identified. This review provides a historical account of psychological odor categorization, attempts to map odor percepts to physiochemical parameters, and attendant pitfalls. It concludes that perceived odor qualities may be best viewed as cognitive constructs with attendant variability due to individual experiences, linguistic processes, and biologic factors that do not map well to universal physiochemical dimensions.

Communal wastewater treatment plant (CWWTP) has been chosen as one system to treat domestic wastewater due to simple technology, flexible management, and cost-effectiveness. There are 376 CWWTP have been recorded by Environmental Agency of Yogyakarta (DLH DIY) that spread in five regencies. Monitoring results on CWWTP effluent showed that some physical and chemical parameters did not meet the domestic wastewater standard. Therefore, evaluation of removal efficiency in terms physical and chemical parameters are necessary. The samples were collected from nine CWWTP in Banguntapan, Bantul and Gamping sub-districts. The physical and chemicals parameters (pH, TSS, BOD, COD, Ammonia, oil, and grease) of influent and effluent from CWWTP are analyzed based on National Standard of Indonesia (SNI) for domestic wastewater. The results show that BOD (>70%) and TSS (>50%) have better removal effectiveness compare with COD, ammonia, oil, and grease (40%). Overall, CWWTP in Banguntapan subdistrict has better performance compare with CWWTP in Bantul subdistrict.

A study of habitat conditions of the macrophytic vegetation in selected river systems in western Lower Saxony (Federal Republic of Germany)

The decline in river air quality is characterized by a decline in air quality parameters, namely physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Preliminary studies revealed that the physical and chemical parameters of TSS, BOD were respectively 52 mg/L, 57 mg/L, the test results were not in accordance with Government Regulation no. 22 of 2021 concerning Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management. The aim of this research is to determine the quality of river water based on physical and chemical parameters, namely Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), water potential hydrogen (pH) in Karanganyar Regency. This research method is quantitative descriptive using laboratory tests, with samples from 6 rivers in each sub-watershed. The sampling technique uses Integrated Sampling by carrying out laboratory testing. Data analysis uses air quality measurements using the pollutant index method. The parameters tested are physical parameters, namely TSS, TDS and chemical parameters, namely COD, BOD, DO and pH. The research results show that the TSS parameters exceed the quality standards, TDS corresponds to the quality standards, COD exceeds the quality standards, BOD exceeds the quality standards, DO corresponds to the quality standards, pH does not comply with the quality standards. The conclusions in this research are that the Jlamprang River sub-watershed of Kudus is 1.99 (lightly polluted), the Bagor River is sub-watershed of Jlantah 2.31 (lightly polluted), the Gembong River is sub-watershed of Samin 6.94 (moderately polluted), the Kumpul River is sub-watershed of Mungkung 2 .74 (lightly polluted), Kendat River, Kenatan sub-watershed, 2.67 (lightly polluted), Pepe River, Pepe sub-watershed, 2.14 (lightly polluted). The suggestion for the Karanganyar District Government is to monitor river water quality regularly Keywords: Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen.

Korapuzha is a short river of 40 km with a drainage area of 624 km 2 , flowing from dense forest and empties into the Arabian sea. It is formed by the confluence of two streams Agalapuzha and Punnoorpuzha. In this study the samples were collected from Agalapuzha, Punnoorpuzha and Korappuzha, Korapuzha estuaries. The temperature and pH were monitored on the site and the remaining parameters were analyzed in the laboratory. The physical quality parameters such as color, odor, appearance and chemical quality parameters such as pH, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, ammonia, dissolved oxygen, total solids, total hardness, and iron have been evaluated. Compare the physical and chemical parameters. The physico-chemical analysis shows that the samples have high level of salinity, sulphate, total solids and total hardness. The results show that the water is affected by the intrusion of sea water into the river by excess excavation of sands from river for the construction of buildings and other anthropogenic activities which leads to environmental destruction.

Background. The ecological state of surface waters is typically assessed by a multi-aspect approach based on a determination of its chemical and physical parameters, by hydromorphology and the use of indicator organisms such as benthic diatoms. By assigning ecological indicator values, it is possible to create diatom indices which serve as the basic tool in assessing the ecological status of surface waters. These ecological indicator values are set according to classification systems, such as the Van Dam et al. 1994 system, which classifies species of diatoms according to seven different ecological factors. However, recent studies on the autecology of diatoms have shown the need to verify and establish new ecological indicator values. To this end, aquatic ecosystems are good environments to observe the range of tolerance of benthic diatoms to environmental conditions due to their unique physical and chemical parameters. The aim of the present study was to propose the establishment of new, or altered, ecological indicator values, according to Van Dam et al. classification, of species of diatoms characteristic of three post-mining aquatic ecosystems. Methods. In total, 36 species were identified that were characteristic of three waterbodies: a salt aquatic complex (water outflow, a drainage ditch and a pond), a mined iron ore reservoir and a mined lignite reservoir. Their ecological indicator values were calculated using OMNIDIA software, and the environmental conditions prevailing in the studied ecosystems were determined. Of the 36 characteristic species, 16 lacking at least one assigned ecological indicator value were analysed further. The analysis identified three groups of selected characteristic species which showed a correlation, or lack of such, to the tested physical and chemical parameters. Results. Based on this multistage study of the autecology of characteristic diatoms, comprising an analysis of environmental conditions, literature analysis and reference ecological indicator values of other species, it is proposed that 32 ecological indicator values be established or adjusted for 16 species, and that Planothidium frequentissimum be excluded from water quality assessments.

Sensor systems for multi-parameter detection in fluidics usually combine different sensors, which are designed to detect either a physical or (bio-)chemical parameter. Therefore, such systems include a more complicated fabrication technology and measuring set-up. In this work, an ISFET (ion-sensitive field-effect transistor), which is well known as a (bio-)chemical sensor, is utilized as transducer for the detection of both (bio-)chemical and physical parameters. A multifunctional hybrid module for the determination of two (bio-)chemical parameters (pH, penicillin concentration) and three physical parameters (temperature, flow velocity and flow direction) using only two sensor structures, an ion generator and a reference electrode, is realized and its performance has been investigated. Here, a multifunctionality of the sensor system is achieved by means of different sensor arrangements and/or different operation modes. A Ta2O5-gate ISFET was used as transducer for all sensors. A novel time-of-flight type ISFET-based flow-velocity (flow rate) and flow-direction sensor using in-situ electrochemical generation of chemical tracers is presented. Due to the fast response of the ISFET (usually in the millisecond range), an ISFET-based flow sensor is suitable for the measurement of the flow velocity in a wide range. With regard to practical applications, pH measurements with this ISFET were performed in rain droplets.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The monitoring of the ambient working conditions is a crucial part in occupational medicine. A wearable system for monitoring environmental conditions including physical and chemical parameters is introduced. The system operates based on an integrated and add on-board multi-layer sensors and fusion approach. It uniquely consists of only a small and light wrist-worn device which embeds a microcontroller board with integrated temperature, humidity and barometer sensors (Physical parameters), add on-board gas sensors (Chemical parameters) in second top layer for monitoring hazardous gases in air and a vibration motor placed under of the board. For an early notification of the user about ambient parameters a haptic feedback pattern is actuated using a micro embedded vibration motor. Data are also sent to a smart phone simultaneously. The collected data are used to monitor the ambient environment and establish a long-term individual profile for employees in real-time. With this paper we introduce the system architecture. Efficiency, performance and power consumption of such unique multi-layer multi-parameter monitoring device in size and weight are evaluated.

Abstract. Katili L, Baderan DWK, Kumaji SS. 2023. Analysis of drinking water quality based on biological, physical and chemical parameters in Lekobalo Village, Gorontalo City, Indonesia. Intl J Bonorowo Wetlands 13: 22-29. Lekobalo Village is a part of the Gorontalo City, Indonesia area, which has not yet received full clean water coverage. Therefore, the community in Lekobalo used the wellsprings as the source of drinking water. An open water tank around the wellspring has been the source of drinking water for people in the surrounding. It becomes a place for household chores such as bathing, doing laundry, and serving as a lavatory. That makes the place look messy due to the household waste around the wellspring, which decreases the drinking water quality there. Hence, a test of the drinking water in Lekobalo is crucially needed. This study is descriptive-qualitative research that was conducted by a direct survey. Sample collection was conducted using sterilized bottles from the laboratory, and the data obtained were analyzed descriptively. This study aims to determine drinking water quality based on biological, physical, and chemical parameters. The research revealed that the quality of drinking water in Lekobali based on the biological parameter was considered polluted by Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria. The findings revealed that the average score of E. coli was 10.3 MPN/100 ml and coliform 200.5 MPN/100 mL. In physical parameters, the drinking water quality is relatively good with an average temperature of 20°C, turbidity NTU, scentless, tasteless, and colorless. The drinking water criterion that did not meet the physical parameters is the TDS (Total Dissolved Solid), which is 1,525 mg/L. According to the chemical parameter, the quality of the drinking water is considered relatively good with some average score of arsenic (As) 0 mg/L, fluoride (F) 1 mg/L, nitrite (NO2) 0.02 mg/L, nitrate (NO3) 3.6 mg/L, iron (Fe) 0.12 mg/L, Power of Hydrogen (pH) 6.6 mg/L and manganese (Mn) 0 mg/L. The chemical parameters that did not meet the standard qualification of drinking water based on the chemical parameters are chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd), as the average scores are 0.34 mg/L and 0.047 mg/L. This study can be used as one of the government's databases as an input in developing programs and activities to improve drinking water quality and control water pollution.

Water as a natural resource is needed in life. Nowadays, the need for freshwater is increasing. Meanwhile, most people fulfill their daily water needs from well water. This study aims to determine the quality of well water in the IAIN Tulungagung campus area based on physical, chemical, and biological parameters. This type of research is a quantitative descriptive. A total of 12 points from 4 stations were chosen by random sampling. Laboratory test results were compared with PerMenKes RI No. 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010 and PerMenKes RI No. 32 Tahun 2017. The results of the study show that (1) two sources of water do not qualify as clean water based on physical parameters because the turbidity value and total dissolved solids (TDS) exceeds the quality standard, (2) five sources of water do not qualify as water clean based on chemical parameters because the Fe content exceeds the quality standard and/or low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, and (3) four wells do not meet bacteriological tests for the amount of coli fecal bacteria and total coliform. Well water in the IAIN campus area has decreased water quality caused by domestic waste.

This study evaluated the influence of intensive farming of tilapia on physical and chemical parameters and on the occurrence of Streptococcus spp. in the water of the lake and of cages. Throughout a year, monthly samplings were taken in the rainy and dry seasons for a year, at two sampling sites, lake and net cages. For the determination of water quality, physical and chemical water parameters were evaluated and compared to the standards established by Conama Resolution no. 357/2005. The presence of Streptococcus spp. in the water was determined by plating on blood Agar and biochemical screening. Mean values of water parameters were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test comparing sampling sites and seasons. Ammoniacal nitrogen (ammoniacal-N), total phosphorus (total-P) levels and occurrence of Streptococcus spp. have increased in the water of the net cages. The mean values of several parameters have decreased during the rainy period, except for pH, temperature and ammoniacal-N. Total-P and dissolved oxygen levels, during dry and rainy periods, respectively, exceeded the standard established for freshwater class 2, recommended for aquaculture, which can be harmful to the fish. Therefore, constant monitoring of the physical,chemical and microbiological water parameters is recommended since the Juara lake is also used for recreational purposes.

Rice production depends on the quality of irrigation water. Irrigation water in the rice fields of Noemuti District has never been tested, so this research was conducted. This research is a quantitative study. Water test sampling points for measuring physical, chemical, and phytoplankton parameters were 3. Parameters of pH, DO, temperature, and TDS were measured in the field, while the parameters of Nitrate (NO3-N) and Total Phosphorus (PO4-P) were tested in the laboratory. Phytoplankton collection began with 100 liter water sample filtered using a 20 μm plankton net, the results of the filtration were put into a 100 mL bottle, then given formalin, and then analyzed in the laboratory using a Sedgewic Rafter Counting Chamber (SRCC) and a microscope. The values ​​of physical and chemical parameters were compared with quality standards, and the quality status calculated using the pollution index method. The obtained plankton were identified by comparing with various literatures. The abundance, diversity index, dominance index and uniformity index of phytoplankton calculated. The values ​​of physical and chemical parameters at the three stations met the quality standards. The pollution index values ​​at the three stations were included in the category of meeting the quality standards. The diversity index values ​​at the three stations fall into the moderate community stability and moderate diversity categories (moderately polluted water quality). The moderately polluted water quality category based on the H' value differs from the water quality category that meets quality standards as seen from the pollution index value. The uniformity index is high, and the community dominance index is low at all three stations. Irrigation water based on physical and chemical parameters can be used for agricultural purposes, but based on the diversity index, it should be treated first.

The availability of clean water is a basic need that is very important for people's lives, especially in rural areas such as Seraya Marannu Village. This study aims to analyze water quality based on physical, chemical, and biological parameters in accordance with applicable standards. Physical parameters used the Gravimetric Method to determine total dissolved solids (TDS), while chemical parameters including pH, Total Hardness (CaCO3), COD, BOD, and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) used the Potentiometric Method (pH measurements were made using a pH meter), Titrimetric Method, Spectrophotometric Method, Dilution Method, and Direct Reading Method for each parameter. For biological parameters, Total Coliform analysis was conducted using the APHA 9221 B Method. The analysis results show that each parameter that has been analyzed produces parameter values that do not exceed the permissible quality standard limits, except for the pH parameter which is indeed when sampling, the sample is added with HNO3 until the pH of the solution is 2. This treatment aims to maintain the condition of the sample until the time of testing in the laboratory. For physical and chemical parameters, it is known that the Total Dissolved Solids value is 866 mg/L, pH 5, Total Hardness (CaCO3) 545.45 mg/L, COD 9.41 mg/L, BOD 2.7 mg/L, and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 5.6 mg/L. It is also known that in the biological parameters the sample has a total coliform of 0 CFU/100ml so that the water sample is not suitable for consumption because it does not meet the quality standards based on Permenkes No.2 of 2023 concerning mandatory drinking water parameters. From the results of this study, it is hoped that the community can better understand the condition of the water sources they use and support better water management planning in the future.

Simple SummaryConservation of traditional poultry breeds is closely linked to product valorization considering the renewed interest in local poultry breeds production and consumers’ orientation towards food items considered healthier and safer. The aim of the present research is to investigate the differences in egg physical parameters and fatty acid profile of three traditional chicken breeds (Mericanel della Brianza, Milanino and Valdarnese Bianca) and two commercial hybrids using marked-procured eggs. We evaluated the effects of the breeds and of the genetic origin (traditional breed or hybrid strain) on egg physical and chemical parameters, furthermore we analyzed the most influencing parameters and their effects on egg groups differentiation via Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Eggs produced by traditional breeds differentiate from eggs produced by commercial hybrids in physical and fatty acids parameters. The nutritional value of eggs obtained from traditional breeds has been demonstrated to be higher considering the yolk content, the Polyunsatured Fatty Acids - PUFA fraction, the n6/n3 ratio and the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes. Commercial layers’ eggs revealed their higher commercial value based on weight, albumen content and percentage of edible content.The aim of the present study is to investigate the physical parameters and fatty acid composition and related nutritional parameters of market-procured table eggs from Milanino, Mericanel della Brianza and Valdarnese Bianca hens compared to two commercial hybrid strains’ eggs to determine characterizing quality traits for traditional breeds conservation and valorization through high quality niche products. Fifty-four market eggs by three traditional breeds (Mericanel della Brianza—MRC; Milanino—MLN; and Valdarnese Bianca—VLD) and two commercial hybrid strains (Commercial Hybrid Brown—CHB; Commercial Hybrid White—CHW) have been analyzed—physical parameters, fatty acids profile and atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes were investigated. A General Linear Model—GLM was applied to data analysis with breed and genetic origin (traditional breed—TRD; commercial hybrid—HYB) as sources of variation. Two Principal Component Analyses (PCA) were carried out with physical parameters and fatty acid parameters as variables. Eggs produced by traditional breeds MRC MLN and VLD differentiate from eggs produced by commercial hybrids CHB and CHW in physical and chemical parameters (fatty acids parameters). The nutritional value of the traditional eggs has been demonstrated to be higher considering the yolk content, the PUFA fraction, the more favorable n6/n3 ratio and the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes. Commercial layers’ eggs revealed their higher commercial value based on weight, albumen content and percentage of edible content.

Water quality monitoring is of great importance in managing drinking water lakes or reservoirs. However, developing such an effective monitoring system used in evaluating water quality is difficult, due to spatial and temporal variation in water quality that are usually hard to interpret. Principle component analysis (PCA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) techniques were used in this study to determine the principle water parameters, and explore the relationship between the physical and chemical water parameters, respectively in Macau Main Storage Reservoir (MSR) that is experiencing algal bloom in recent years. Twenty-eight water parameters including physical and chemical parameters were monitored each month from Jan 2001 to Dec 2010. The results showed that using PCA, six of the water quality parameters were found less important in explaining the monthly variation of the water quality and thus excluded from the further CCA, while applying CCA, the first six canonical correlations were 0.998, 0.988, 0.937, 0.778, 0.606 and 0.453, indicating that electro-conductivity and chloride compounds were the dominant (highly scored) variables of the physical parameters and chemical parameters, respectively. These results are helpful in understanding the main physical and chemical parameters involved in MSR, thus improving the water quality monitoring system in drinking water reservoirs.