Abstract
The organic amendments, composts (1, 2, 3), neem and poultry as well as inorganic fertilizers (NPK compound and commercial, Athree®) and the nematicide nemacur 10 G applied singly were effective in reducing M. incognita number of galls, nematode reproductionand fecundity. The effectiveness seemed to be material origin dependent. Neem, compost 1, 3 (5 g/pot) gave the best results. Yet, achievedresults were less than those of nemacur 10% G. The antioxidant substances content and enzymes activities due to nematode infectionand application of organic and inorganic fertilizers pointed to significant increase of lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide as aresult of nematode infection and nemacur treatment. While all organic and inorganic fertilizers reduced such materials with significantdifferences among treatments. Likewise, nematode infection resulted in slight but significant increase in glutathione and ascorbic acidin tomato shoots and roots. All treatments increased antioxidant substances comparing to healthy and infected plants. Glutathione-Stransferaseactivity highly increased in infected roots but the lowest activities were achieved by organic fertilizers. Nematode infectionand nemacur treatment increased slightly phenylalaine ammonia lyase activity but enormous increase was observed in shoots and rootsof treated plants with organic fertilizers followed by NPK treatments.
Highlights
Plant endoparasitic nematodes, spend a major part of their life cycles embedded in the roots of a host plant and are exposed to a variety of host defense responses ( Jones et al, 2007)
Superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activity have been detected in some endoparasitic nematodes but little is known about the roles of these proteins in the hostparasite interaction and none of these proteins has been characterized in detail
The nematicide protected the roots from nematode invasion which resulted in sharp reduction in the number of galls, eggmasses, and fecundity and smashing the nematode build up
Summary
Spend a major part of their life cycles embedded in the roots of a host plant and are exposed to a variety of host defense responses ( Jones et al, 2007). ROS are highly reactive to membrane lipids, protein and DNA They are believed to be the major contributing factors to stress injuries and to cause rapid cellular damage when plants are exposed to stress conditions such as chilling stress, salt stress, Fe deficiency, heavy metals stress, drought stress, heat stress, ionizing radiation, phytophagous mites, such as Tetranychus urticae Koch, Peanut Mottle Virus and root-knot nematode, Compared to animal parasitic nematodes, little is known about the defence proteins employed by plant parasitic nematodes (Afify and El-Beltagi, 2011a, 2011b; Afify et al, 2011a, 2011b; Aly and El-Beltagi, 2010; ElBeltagi and Mohamed, 2010; El-Beltagi et al, 2008, 2010, 2011a, 2011b; Eriyamremu and Lolodi, 2010; Essemine et al, 2010; Hefny and Abdel-Kader, 2007; Ibrahim et al, 2011; Kobeasy et al, 2011; Mohamed et al, 2009; Salama et al, 2009; Saleh, 2007; Shehab et al, 2010). There is no information regarding peroxiredoxins in plant parasitic nematodes (Molinari and Miacola, 1997)
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