Abstract
This study examines the outcomes of alliances between small and large firms from the perspectives of small firms. We propose that small firms have to sacrifice part of their independence in alliance strategy to exchange for the financial and network resource of their large partners. Using a data of Japanese small-and medium-sized trading companies, we find that allying with Sogo Shosha(general trading companies) enable those smaller firms to expand fast to foreign markets and form alliances with industrial firms that are affiliated in large business groups. But such alliances constraint small firms in partner selection and modify their trajectories of international expansion.
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