Resource Allocation Under Footprint Constraints in Industrial Parks

A Natural Gas Monetization Approach with Carbon Dioxide and Excess Heat Integration in Industrial Parks

Sustainable carbon constrained natural gas monetization networks in industrial parks

Limits to Paris compatibility of CO2 capture and utilization

Gas hydrates are crystalline structures formed by water molecules and compounds of low molecular weights, being formed under suitable conditions of pressure and temperature. Although initially considered as inconveniences to the natural gas industries, they are currently considered as promising alternatives for solving some important global issues, such as contributing to the reduction of effects caused by the greenhouse gases. This concern related to the control of emissions of polluting gases has mobilized hundreds of countries that, at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP), agreed to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases by 2100. However, despite several strategies in the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions have been proposed, many rely on political incentives and substantial investments to convert pre-existing technologies to clean technologies, making such applicability and adaptability problematic. Thus, innovative Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) techniques are being studied, which considers the use of gas hydrates formation to trap these gases, presents perspectives of lower costs and low environmental damages, promising to overcome the above mentioned problem, besides capturing and storing adequately the carbon dioxide and methane emitted. The need for robust evaluation of the thermodynamic equilibrium of hydrate-containing systems arises in order to make the proposal feasible and used on a large scale. The present work extensively solidifies this assessment of hydrate phase equilibria by proposing the isofugacity and Gibbs energy minimization criteria coupled to the nonlinear programming for the calculation of phase equilibria in the formation of methane and carbon dioxide hydrates. The Soave-Redlich-Kong cubic equation (SRK) was used to calculate the liquid and gaseous phases, and the Van der Waals and Platteeuw models were used to describe the solid phase of the hydrate. The procedure was implemented in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software and in the CONOPT3 solver, with some numerical procedures performed in Microsoft Office Excel. The comparison between the results obtained from the present study by the isofugacity criterion and experimental data has been carried out, allowing concluding the satisfactory prediction of the phase equilibria behavior of systems containing hydrates.

Different options exist for the utilization of natural gas either as fuel or as natural gas conversion into value‐added products. Even though natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel, its use generates CO2 emissions. This challenges the industry to achieve carbon emission reduction targets without compromising profitability. Herein, an optimization approach is presented to simultaneously consider natural gas distribution to plants together with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) options, while also taking into account energy integration options to achieve synergies across alternative CO2‐integrated natural gas utilization paths. The approach combines natural gas with a CCUS network synthesis model. It incorporates a utility system model, which is optimized to identify the most profitable natural gas use in an industrial cluster that meets a given overall emissions constraint for the cluster. The approach aims to benefit engineers charged with the holistic planning of future profitable, low‐emission industrial clusters. The approach is illustrated with an example that considers an industrial cluster with typical natural gas conversion industrial plants, common infrastructure, and CCUS options.

Low-carbon production of iron and steel: Technology options, economic assessment, and policy

Why Colorado Should not Replace Coal Power Plants with Natural Gas

Techno-economic assessment of coal- or biomass-fired oxy-combustion power plants with supercritical carbon dioxide cycle

Rapid industrialization and urbanization in the 20th century have led to increasing volumes of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere[...]

Public perceptions of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and other low-carbon electricity-generating technologies may affect the feasibility of their widespread deployment. We asked a diverse sample of 60 participants recruited from community groups in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to rank 10 technologies (e.g., coal with CCS, natural gas, nuclear, various renewables, and energy efficiency), and seven realistic low-carbon portfolios composed of these technologies, after receiving comprehensive and carefully balanced materials that explained the costs and benefits of each technology. Rankings were obtained in small group settings as well as individually before and after the group discussions. The ranking exercise asked participants to assume that the U.S. Congress had mandated a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from power plants to be built in the future. Overall, rankings suggest that participants favored energy efficiency, followed by nuclear power, integrated gasification combined-cycle coal with CCS and wind. The most preferred portfolio also included these technologies. We find that these informed members of the general public preferred diverse portfolios that contained CCS and nuclear over alternatives once they fully understood the benefits, cost, and limitations of each. The materials and approach developed for this study may also have value in educating members of the general public about the challenges of achieving a low-carbon energy future.

Methane emissions along biomethane and biogas supply chains are underestimated

Air pollution impacts economic activity, and economic activity creates air pollution. Understanding this endogenous nexus is critical as any policy designed to affect one will inevitably affect the other. My research explores both sides of this nexus. Specifically, I identify the economic effects from the implementation of an international climate agreement (the Kyoto Protocol); I determine the impact of air pollution on physical productivity and determine which pollutants are responsible for this effect; and I link urban form to vehicular emissions via the structure of road networks. The first chapter of this dissertation studies the impact of the Kyoto Protocol on the cement manufacturing industry. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement signed in 1997 to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and mitigate the consequences of global climate change. Early studies of the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol have attributed it to approximately a 7-10\% reduction in global carbon dioxide emissions compared to a ``business as usual'' outcome. Given the carbon intensity of cement manufacturing, I examine the impact of the Kyoto Protocol on cement manufacturing output and carbon dioxide emissions. Using an instrumental variables difference-in-differences approach, I find that nations with binding emissions targets under the Kyoto Protocol saw a 5\% reduction in both cement manufacturing and carbon dioxide emissions from cement manufacturing compared to other nations. Based on the relative magnitude of these effects, it appears that the Kyoto Protocol may have led to technological innovation in cement manufacturing. Using data on carbon intensities for cement manufacturing, I support this notion and find further evidence that it fostered diffusion of existing, cleaner technologies from relatively more developed nations during the first phase, and technical innovation by these nations during the second phase. By examining the effect on net cement imports, I do not find evidence that the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions resulted in carbon leakage. Using estimates of the social cost of carbon from the economics literature and the results from this paper, back of the envelope calculations suggest that the Kyoto Protocol had an economic gain of \$7.4 billion from the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from cement manufacturing alone. The second chapter of this dissertation studies the impact of air pollution on ultramarathon performance. Air pollution is known to lower worker productivity in myriad settings. However, causal inference studies using reliable air pollution data to study the effect of air pollution on physical productivity in

This article highlights the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by reducing energy consumption. Of course, this can be achieved in various ways, but inter alia, through the practical implementation of the assumptions contained in the CSR programs of individual companies, which include a component on environmental protection and counteracting global warming. The authors also describe a proposal to reduce CO2 emissions by using coke oven gas (if necessary) in exchange for natural gas. Currently, the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions are the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, transport—cars and planes, processes related to the production of industrial goods, and deforestation. In the preparation of the article, the analysis of the literature on the subject, analysis of documents, desk research, and two case studies were used. The main goal of the article is to present the possibilities of reducing CO2 emissions by implementing the assumptions of the CSR policy on the example of a selected company (models of such activities are also given). Therefore, the aim of the article is to present selected activities that can contribute to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in enterprises; of course, this is specific each time and should be individually selected for each enterprise depending on financial, environmental, and any other conditions. This means that almost all enterprises, organizations, and all other institutions should be obliged to implement an individual environmental policy related to the possibility of reducing carbon dioxide emissions worldwide, and the effects of implementing the assumptions of this policy should be regularly, at least once a year, presented in the CSR reports of a given organization. However, each organization should provide its own examples of how it reduces carbon dioxide emissions. For this reason, this article presents an example of the Marcel CHP plant, which, due to its capabilities, also uses coke oven gas, the use of which results in lower emissions of carbon dioxide than natural gas. Additionally, the article presents a comparative analysis of the use of coke oven gas instead of natural gas. The obtained results show the significant and real possibilities of reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

Economic, environmental, and technical gains from the Kyoto Protocol: Evidence from cement manufacturing

Optimal design of distributed energy systems for industrial parks under gas shortage based on augmented ε-constraint method