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Abstract
Aspergillus tubingensis is an important pathogen of economically important crops. Different biotic stresses strongly influence the balance of metabolites in plants. The aim of this study was to understand the function and response of resistance associated metabolites which, in turn are involved in many secondary metabolomics pathways to influence defense mechanism of cotton plant. Analysis of non-targeted metabolomics using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) revealed abundant accumulation of key metabolites including flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, fatty acids and carbohydrates, in response to leaf spot of cotton. The principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) score plots illustrated the evidences of variation between two varieties of cotton under mock and pathogen inoculated treatments. Primary metabolism was affected by the up regulation of pyruvate and malate and by the accumulation of carbohydrates like cellobiose and inulobiose. Among 241 resistance related (RR) metabolites, 18 were identified as resistance related constitutive (RRC) and 223 as resistance related induced (RRI) metabolites. Several RRI metabolites, identified in the present study were the precursors for many secondary metabolic pathways. These included phenylpropanoids (stilbenes and furanocoumarin), flavonoids (phlorizin and kaempferol), alkaloids (indolizine and acetylcorynoline) and terpenoids (azelaic acid and oleanolic acid). Our results demonstrated that secondary metabolism, primary metabolism and energy metabolism were more active in resistant cultivar, as compared to sensitive cultivar. Differential protein and fatty acid metabolism was also depicted in both cultivars. Accumulation of these defense related metabolites in resistant cotton cultivar and their suppression in susceptible cotton cultivar revealed the reason of their respective tolerance and susceptibility against A. tubingensis.
Highlights
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a major fiber and cash crop and it is termed as “silver fiber” in different parts of the world
Peer Review History: PLOS recognizes the benefits of transparency in the peer review process; we enable the publication of all of the content of peer review and author responses alongside final, published articles
Leaf spot symptoms appeared along the veins of leaves, forming small brownish irregular spots, which gradually increases in size and number and eventually lead to necrosis
Summary
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a major fiber and cash crop and it is termed as “silver fiber” in different parts of the world. Pakistan ranks 4th among all cotton producing countries and its production plays key role in the economy of Pakistan [1]. There are about 50 species of cotton and four of them are cultivated, worldwide [2]. Cotton is a shrub and it is native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including America and Africa [3]. Eighty-seven percent of total cotton is grown in developing countries. G. hirsutum is the most commonly grown cotton species and it is native to Mexico and Central America [4]. Cross breeding between diverse upland varieties helped the introduction of upland cotton in different areas of the world [5]. The upland form of G. hirsutum and its derived varieties are the backbone of the worldwide textile industry [7]
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