RESILIENSI ANAK TUNGGAL YANG MEMILIKI ORANGTUA TUNGGAL DENGAN STATUS SOSIAL EKONOMI RENDAH

The main purpose of this research is to examine the impact of parenting styles, and self-concepts on life adjustment among high (vocational) school students in single-parent families. The results indicated that high (vocational) school students' life adjustment was predicted by their genders, years of study, school attributions, social-economic status, parents' gender, parenting styles, and students' self-concept. In addition, the respondents also presented relatively a high level of self-concept and good overall life adjustment. In terms of parenting styles, the students perceived positive and encouraging parenting styles from their parents, but there were significant differences due to the social-economic status and causes of single parent. Different genders, years of studying, and social-economic status have significant differences in overall level of student’s life adjustment. The implications and the applications of results and there are discussed. The conclusion of this study is based on the results of the study mentioned above, and can be used as a reference for people who would like to study further in this field.

To identify the determinants of dental caries in relation to socio-economic status (SES) within oral health, children's eating habits and parental attitudes towards oral health. Dental screening data were collected from 6- and 10-year-old schoolchildren from low and high SES schools in The Netherlands in this cross-sectional study. The clinical examination was performed by trained dental hygiene students who collected the data on dental caries, dental plaque and duration of brushing. The paper questionnaire completed by the parents included 18 questions about oral health behaviour, eating habits and parental attitudes towards oral health. Two of the six parameters of oral health behaviour were statistically associated with the high caries prevalence in the low SES group (brushing frequency (p = 0.028) and age at the first visit to the dentist (p = 0.044)). High intake of fruit juices and/or soft drinks (p = 0.043) and low calcium intake (p = 0.028) were identified as risk determinants for caries with low SES. All parameters of parental attitudes towards oral health were associated with caries, but not with SES. This study confirmed that the high caries prevalence in children from low SES schools was associated with oral health behaviour and eating habits. The role of parents was indirectly associated with the occurrence of dental caries. Therefore, it is important to include parents in all intervention programmes in order to reduce the prevalence of caries.

This study examined the extent to which dimensions of parenting style influence identity formation among the youths in a changing society such as Nigeria. 345 youths (15-24 year olds) who were randomly selected completed the questionnaire which measured parenting style and identity formation. 2x2x2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and t-test for independent measures were used to test the hypotheses for the study. Findings reveal that identity formation is high with low parental demandingness, low autonomy and high parental responsiveness. Identity formation is low, with low parental demandingness, low autonomy and low responsiveness. Furthermore, youths in private schools scored higher on identity formation scale than youths in public schools. Conclusively, parental responsiveness and socioeconomic status were found to be key factors in identity formation of Nigerian youths. This has implication for parenting of youths and behavioural outcome. Policy makers and other stakeholders should focus more on families rather than individuals to promote parenting styles that enhance identity formation. Parents should support strategies that promote identity formation, such as providing opportunities to instill confidence and expectations that family members will do their best in difficult situations. African Journal for Psychological Study of Social Issues Vol. 8(1) 2005: 154-171

Home environment has been conceptualized as the quality of human interactions from the point of view of the child. It includes those aspects, which foster growth and development such as family trust and confidence, sharing of ideas, parents support, parental approval, parental encouragement, care, affection and approval and support of siblings. Children living in rural or urban areas are exposed to different environments. Generally children from low socioeconomic status attend government schools while, children of well to do families attend private or public schools. These two types of schools have another major difference: difference in medium of instruction .In addition, home learning environment, school learning environment and academic achievement may be influenced by various socio-economic factors like age, gender, family size, parents, education and occupation and also by the socio economic status of the family .. Thus academic achievement is dependent on school learning environment as well as home learning environment. The present study is on attempt to investigate the parental influence in academic performance of students. The focus will be describing the key variables included in the study, i.e., parental influence and its impact on academic performance.Academic performance includes three processes: the ability to study and remember facts, being able to study effectively and see how facts fit together and form larger patterns of knowledge and being able to think for oneself in relation to facts and thirdly being able to communicate knowledge verbally or on paper. Thus Journal of Education (1981) posited that performance might be seen as an index of the candidates' ability and motivation. Defining academic performance as excellence, Tuckman (1975) stated that, performance is used to label the observable manifestation of knowledge, skills, concepts, understanding and ideas. Performance is application of a learning product that at the end of the process provide mastery. The acquisition of particular grades on examinations indicate the student's ability, mastery of content and skills in applying learned knowledge to particular situations. A student's success generally judged by examination performance. Success in examination is a crucial indicator that a student has benefited from a course of study (Wiseman, 1961). Researchers believe that authentic academic performance should involve on examination of the total person, in the other words; the examination should cover the individual's ability and skills in applying practical knowledge.Parental influences has been identified as an important factor affecting student's achievement (Miller, 1980; Dryfoos, 1990) The child rearing attitudes or parental behavior may be viewed in terms of many different dimensions such as, acceptance, affection, control, warmth, permissiveness, restrictiveness and demanding behaviour. Typically warmth and control are thought to be the most important ways in which parents influence the development of their offspring or children (Maccoby & Martin, 1986). After Conducting extensive research (Rohner; 1986; Rohner & Rohner, 1981) reported major parenting dimensions in different human societies. These dimensions are parental control (permissiveness-strictness) and parental warmth (acceptance-rejection)For the past 20 years Baumrind conducted a series of researches to identify parental behavior and its association with children's behavior. She obtained two major dimensions which included demanding behaviour and responsiveness, which are pertinent in understanding parenting styles. Demandingness, is defined as the amount of degree of control the parents attempt to exert over the child. Parental responsiveness defined as the frequency of parental interactions. It also refers to being sensitive to children's has needs, warmly supportive of their efforts and broadly interested in what they are thinking, feeling and doing.Parenthood is neither simple nor a very complicated process and is based on the perception and the discharge of responsibilities in this phase of parent's lives. …

Parental responses to transgressions are a mechanism through which self-conscious emotions and social competence are socialised in children. Evidence indicates that inductive parenting is more effective than power assertive parenting in the development of child social competence. Given variation in parental discipline responses, this study examined predictors of the use of these parenting styles. The present study investigated parental shame-proneness, parental perfectionism, and parental acceptance of children’s expression of emotions as predictors of a predominantly inductive or power assertive parenting style. Sixty-nine mothers of typically developing children aged between 5 to 11 years completed an online study. A scenario-based measure of parenting responses to child transgression allowed for the categorisation of mothers into those with a predominantly inductive parenting style and those with a predominantly power assertive parenting style. Measures of mothers’ shame-proneness, perfectionism, and beliefs about children’s emotional expression included the Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA), the Almost Perfect Scale – Revised (APS-R), and the Parental Beliefs About Children’s Emotions (PBACE) questionnaire. Binary logistic regression analyses found a five-predictor model to be significantly better than a constant only model at predicting a predominantly inductive or power assertive parenting style. The five predictors in the model were parental shame-proneness, parental perfectionistic standards (adaptive perfectionism), parental acceptance of children’s expression of positive emotions, mothers’ level of education, and number of children in the family. The importance of considering these parental predictor variables, particularly shame-proneness, in the development of parenting interventions is discussed.

10547 Background: Disruptions of daily life activities during the CVOID-19 pandemic have adversely affected cancer-prevention behaviors. Socioeconomic status (SES) impacts on changes in cancer prevention behaviors have not been fully investigated. To tackle this gap, we examined the effects of SES on COVID-19 related changes in cancer prevention behaviors. Methods: We invited participants from previous studies conducted at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center who agreed to be re-contacted to participate in a survey assessing the impact of COVID-19 on various behaviors between June and November 2020. Participants reported current cancer prevention behaviors, including physical activity, daily fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use. In addition, participants reported qualitative changes in current behaviors relative to pre-COVID levels. We combined current behaviors with COVID-related changes to construct a 24-point cancer prevention score. Participants were classified into low, middle, or high SES based on household income, education, and employment status. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between SES and COVID-19 related changes in cancer prevention behaviors. Results: The study sample included 6136 eligible participants. The average age was 57 years, 67% were female, 89% were non-Hispanic White, and 33% lived in non-metro counties. The proportion of participants in the lowest cancer prevention behavior quartile decreased significantly with higher SES [low SES vs. high SES; 32% vs. 28%; P-value <.001]. Relative to pre-COVID-19 levels, higher SES was significantly associated with increases in post-COVID-19 prevalence of more physical activity [low SES vs. high SES; 12% vs. 28%; P-value <.001], higher fruit and vegetable intake [low SES vs. high SES; 12% vs. 14%; P-value <.001], and more alcohol consumption [low SES vs. high SES; 15% vs. 22%; P-value <.001]. Higher SES was associated with lower tobacco use prevalence [low SES vs. high SES; 5% vs. 2%; P-value <.001]. Relative to the highest prevention score quartile, the adjusted odds of scoring in the lowest prevention score quartile were: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.55 (95% CI: 1.27 - 1.89) and aOR 1.40 (95% CI: 1.19 - 1.66), respectively higher for low and middle SES. Low SES was significantly associated with higher odds of less frequent physical activity (aOR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.49 - 2.35) and less fruit and vegetable consumption (aOR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.15 - 2.12). Middle SES relative to high SES was associated with lower odds of more alcohol consumption (aOR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49 - 0.85) and higher odds of binge drinking (aOR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.59). Conclusions: The adverse impacts of COVID-19 on cancer prevention behaviors were seen most in those with lower SES. Public health efforts are currently needed to promote cancer prevention behaviors, especially amongst lower SES adults.

Introduction: Socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood and beyond may influence the gut microbiome (GMB), with implications for disease risk. Studies evaluating the relationship between life-course SES and the gut microbiome (GMB) are sparse, particularly among Hispanic/Latino individuals, who have a high prevalence of low SES. Hypothesis: Low life-course SES indicators are associated with less diversity and overall composition of the gut microbiome in United States (U.S.) Hispanic/Latino adults. Methods: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is a multi-site population-based cohort study conducted in the U.S. Childhood sanitation conditions (plumbing, sewer/septic tank), childhood SES (parental education and childhood hardship), adulthood neighborhood SES, and adulthood SES (education, income, and economic hardship) were used as life-course SES indicators. Shotgun sequencing was performed on stool samples (n=1057). Alpha-diversity was measured by the Shannon diversity index. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance was used to assess the association of SES indicators with overall microbiome composition, as measured using the Jensen-Shannon Divergence distance. Analysis of Compositions of Microbiomes was used to identify associations of life-course SES indicators with GMB species, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, U.S. or foreign-born, study center, Hispanic/Latino background, type of stool, diet quality, smoking, alcohol consumption, depressive and anxiety symptoms, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and antibiotic use. Results: Low sanitation and low SES during childhood were reported by 32% (342 of 1053) and 37% (330 of 884) of participants, respectively. In adulthood, 56% (585 of 1053) lived in a low SES neighborhood and 45% (447 of 1002) had low SES. Life-course SES indicators were not associated with GMB diversity. However, overall microbiome composition differed significantly according to childhood SES (R2 =0.28%, P = 0.04). Low childhood sanitation was associated with higher abundance of Ruminococcus torques and Clostridium lactatifermentans , and depleted abundance of Prevotella species. Low childhood SES was associated with higher abundance of species from genus Streptococcus (S. salivarius, S. parasanguinis, and S. infantis), Veillonella parvula, Prevotella stercorea, and Roseburia intestinalis. Low adulthood SES was associated with depleted abundance of species from Bacteroides, and living in a low adulthood neighborhood SES was associated with depleted abundance of species from Rikenella . Conclusion: Low childhood SES was associated with an altered GMB composition in U.S. Hispanic/Latino adults. Early-life SES may have long-term effects on GMB composition, underscoring another biological mechanism linking early childhood factors to adulthood disease.

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 mandates parental involvement during Individualized Education Program (IEP) meetings. Several factors including previous IEP experiences, level of ongoing communication between parents and education professionals, or existence of social and cultural capital resources can impact involvement. African American parents with low educational attainment or from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds can be at risk for lower levels of involvement. With in-depth, semistructured interviews, this exploratory study examines two critical communicative dialoguing skills that parents at risk for lower levels of involvement often lack: question asking and advocacy. Eight African American parents (across socioeconomic and educational backgrounds) recalled questions asked and advocacy statements made at previous IEP meetings. Using grounded theory analysis, Strauss and Corbin (1998) showed that collaboration and communication occurred in areas mandated by law, but parents were largely unguided in asking their own questions or making statements. While many participants recalled high levels of involvement in the IEP process via question asking and advocacy, they drew on contacts and specifi c knowledge that at-risk parents do not typically have. Implications for parents with limited social or cultural capital are discussed, and a model approach to increase parental involvement based on innovations in patient‐provider research is explored. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (now known as IDEA, most recently authorized in 2004 as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act) requires parents of children identifi ed with a need for special education services and education professionals to meet, share goals, and decide upon specially designed instruction and supplemental services necessary to address the educational impairment of children with disabilities of 3–21 years of age (21 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq.). Education professionals must include parents within the decision-making process (Trainor, 2010b). The aforementioned aspects of special education accommodations and services are typically outlined and discussed at a student’s yearly Individualized Education Program (IEP) meeting. The mandated promotion of parental involvement is further supported by research documenting the positive impact of parent–school collaboration, with studies fi nding that parents with high levels of involvement at IEP meetings tend to have more positive attitudes toward education professionals (Xu & Filler, 2008) and support their child’s learning activities, goals, and outcomes more thoroughly

To explore the willingness of care and related influencing factors among caregivers of those 'left at hometown' children under 7 years in Chinese rural areas. Questionnaires were used to survey caregivers (n = 7585) who were identified by multi-stage stratified cluster sampling. Multi-factor ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to screen the influencing factors on the willingness of care among them. The percentage on 'very willing', 'willing', 'unwilling' on those 'left at home' children were 41.1%, 55.4% and 3.5% respectively in the group with single parent while 19.5%, 71.4% and 9.1% respectively in the group of both parents having left home. Data from the multi-factor ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that factors including the age of the caregiver, annual per capita income for caregivers' families, social connections and the length of children's mother being absent, amount of fees for living provided by parent/parents, and the child's age and lifestyle, being the only child or not, and the age of the child when the parent/parents left the residence etc, were related to the willingness of care of the givers. Willingness of care calls for attention and urgent improvement. Influencing factors and measures need to be taken when necessary.

Background: Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and possible underestimation of risk by the pooled cohort equations (PCE). Whether coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores can improve risk discrimination in those with low SES is unknown. Methods: Individuals from the Dallas Heart Study free of ASCVD and with CAC scanning were evaluated. Low SES was defined as an annual income <$16,000 or an educational attainment level ≤11 years. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses assessing the relationships between SES and 1) CAC scores and 2) ASCVD events (fatal or non-fatal MI or stroke) were performed. The incremental predictive value of CAC in those at low and higher SES was assessed using c-statistics (PCE alone vs PCE + CAC). Results: Among 2246 individuals (mean age 44 yrs, 55% women, 45% Black), 115 ASCVD events occurred over a median of 12.5 years. Low SES by income (n=451) was associated with increased risk of ASCVD after adjustment for risk factors (HR 2.16, 95% CI 1.37-3.42), but was not independently associated with CAC. Higher CAC scores (0, 1-99, ≥100) tracked with increased 10-year ASCVD event rates in those at low (5, 10, and 22%) and higher SES (0.002, 4, and 11%), with low SES groups carrying greater ASCVD risk for every stratum of CAC, including with CAC=0. In multivariable models compared with CAC=0, those with CAC 1-99 and ≥100 had a greater risk of ASCVD events for individuals at higher SES [HR 3.40 (1.5-7.8), and 4.8 (1.9-12.6)], but not for those with low SES [HR 1.00 (0.4-2.4), and 1.6 (0.6-4.6)], (p-interaction CAC x SES=0.002). Similar results were found for low SES defined by education. The addition of CAC to PCE improved risk discrimination for individuals at higher SES, but not for individuals at low SES (Table 1). Conclusion: Individuals at low SES have significantly increased risk of ASCVD, however, CAC scores are not independently associated with ASCVD in this population and may be less useful in risk discrimination.

Objective To investigate the status quo of parental perception and its influencing factors in parents with children undergoing invasive treatment for congenital heart disease (CHD) , and to provide evidence for the development of targeted interventions. Methods By convenience sampling, from January to September of 2018, 200 fathers or mothers whose children underwent invasive treatment for CHD in a Class Ⅲ Grade A hospital in Changchun were selected as participants in the study. The Parental Perception Vulnerability Scale, the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) , and the Social Support Scale (SSRS) were used to investigate the participants. Results A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed and 185 valid questionnaires were retrieved. The 185 parents of the sick children achieved a total score of (5.59±2.66) points in the Parental Perception Vulnerability Scale. Whether the sick child was the only child of the parents was the influencing factor of the parents' perception vulnerability (P<0.05) . The parents' age, relationship with the sick children, educational level, family monthly income, degree of social support were the influencing factors of parental perception vulnerability in CHD children's parents (P<0.05) . Conclusions Whether the sick child was the only child of the parents or not, the parents' age, relationship with the sick children, educational level, family monthly income, degree of social support were the influencing factors of parental perception vulnerability in CHD children's parents, therefore, the medical staff should pay more attention to the above population group. Key words: Child; Anxiety; Congenital heart disease; Perception vulnerability; Father; Mother; Social support

Τhe aim of this study is to investigate the situation of communication related to sexual issues between single parents and adolescent children and the influence of related factors. The main conclusions of the research were as follows: 1. The gender of single parent had a prominent effect in both the intimacy of the parent and adolescent children and the physical condition of adolescence. The marriage status of the single parent may cause the differences of the sexual attitude, the allowance of sexual behaviors before marriage, and the physical condition of adolescence. 2. Single parents who had more positive attitude toward sex regarding their adolescent children will also gain a more positive communication about the social issues relating to sex, and will talk to child about the opposite sex and social issues relating to sex much more frequently. 3. As to the effect of communication regarding sex by single parents, we found that there were five items as predicting factors: gender, the virtual secondary schools and colleges, the range of permission of having sex before marriage, contraception and venereal disease. And among them, gender had the largest contribution in prediction. 4. Most single parents were unwilling to ask for help from the relatives from the family of his or her ex-wife or ex-husband, in that case, the social workers can offer very little help. There was still a considerable margin for the social workers to work harder in helping the single parent families.

Objective To investigate the situation of knowledge, attitudes and practice of early treatment for dento-maxillofacial deformities among parents of 3-6-year-old children in Shenzhen, further to provide theoretical basis of targeted development of oral health care and education. Methods The questionnaire survey was conducted among 886 parents of 3-6-year-old children in 5 kindergartens from 2019 March to May in Shenzhen by using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, The questionnaire results were analyzed by single and multiple-factor analysis methods. Results A total of 860 valid questionnaires were collected, the scoring rates of the knowledge, attitude and practice part were 68.5%, 68.0%, 69.2%. Single-factor analysis showed that the parents′ age, parental role, only child or not, parent education level, parent career and family income had effects on the scores of knowledge (Test values were17.13, 3.13, 2.45, 91.66, 38.24, 11.16, P<0.05) . The children′s age, the parents′ age, parental role, only child or not, parent education level, parent career and family income had effects on the scores of attitudes (Test values were11.42, 17.52, 3.17, 3.59, 74.49, 25.25, 43.18, P<0.05) . Parent education level and family income had effects on the scores of practice (Test values were 8.12, 17.25, P<0.05) . Multiple factor stepwise regression analysis showed that parent education, parent role affected the scores of knowledge (P<0.05) , parent education level, parental role and family income affected the scores of attitudes (P<0.05) , family income affected the scores of practice (P<0.05) . Conclusions Parents are deficient in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of early treatment for dento-maxillofacial deformities. It is supposed to further targeted strengthen the oral health care and education of early treatment for dento-maxillofacial deformities combined with general demographic characteristics so as to improve the children′s oral health. Key words: Maxillofacial abnormalities; Tooth abnormalities; Orthodontics, corrective; Questionnaires; Knowledge; Attitude; Practice

Background Breast cancer survival is shown to be associated with socioeconomic status (SES), which is most pronounced in young patients. In this study, we investigated how consecutive recurrent events are associated with excess mortality according to SES in young breast cancer patients. Using detailed data on all recurrences that occur between date of diagnosis of the primary tumour and last observation, we provide a unique insight in the prognosis of young breast cancer patients according to SES. Methods All female patients &amp;lt;40 years with primary operated stage I-III breast cancer diagnosed in 2005 were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Data on all recurrences within 10 years from primary tumour diagnosis were collected directly from patient files. We analysed recurrence patterns according to SES, and estimated 10-year absolute risks of recurrence, contralateral breast cancer and mortality using cause-specific cumulative incidence functions, accounting for competing risks. Relationships between SES, recurrence patterns and excess mortality were estimated using a multivariable joint model, wherein the association between recurrent events and excess mortality (expected mortality derived from the general population) was included. Results We included 525 patients. Patients of high SES were more often diagnosed with stage II breast cancer as compared to patients of low and medium SES, who more often had stage I. In addition, patients of high SES more often had well differentiated tumours and HR+/HER2- disease as compared to low and medium SES, who more often were diagnosed with moderately or poorly differentiated tumours, HR-/HER2+ and HR-/HER2- disease. Local, regional and distant recurrence risks were higher in patients with low SES, lowest in patients with high SES. Death (n=6) and contralateral breast cancer (n=14) as first events were rare. The percentage of patients who died following a recurrence was 19.1% in low SES, compared to 15.3% and 13.2% in medium and high SES. Patients of low SES had more consecutive recurrences as compared to patients of high SES. In addition, they had shorter time intervals between diagnosis and first recurrence, and between first recurrence and death. In the joint model, adjusting for confounding, high SES was significantly related to lower 10-year recurrence rates, compared to low SES. Over the 10-year period, a strong association between the recurrence process and excess mortality was found. Conclusion This study shows that high SES is associated with a lower risk of 10-year recurrence overall, and less subsequent recurrent events, and that the pattern of recurrence is largely associated with the risk of extra mortality. Patients of low SES show a faster disease progression as compared to patients of high SES. Patients in the low socioeconomic group more often have HER-/HER2- disease, which suggests that there may be other breast cancer risk factors that play a role. Differences in treatment of recurrences were not assessed in this study and should be subject for further research, in order to further reduce socioeconomic differences. Citation Format: Marissa Corine van Maaren. Socioeconomic status in young breast cancer patients is associated with inequalities in recurrence patterns: A population-based study in the Netherlands [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-12-10.

Single parenthood is stigmatized, and the current research clarifies how beliefs about agency and communion correspond to this stigma. Consistent with social role theory, the agency and communion ascribed to parents should reflect their success in meeting the demands of parental roles. Yet, the association of single parents with lower socioeconomic status than married parents likely compromises confidence that single parents can fulfill their parental role obligations and, therefore, lowers their perceived agency and communion. To test this account of beliefs about single parents, four experiments ( N = 1003) used multiple methods and samples to examine participants’ beliefs about single and married parents and the psychological links between marital status, socioeconomic status, and the ascription of agency and communion. In general, participants ascribed less agency and communion to single than married parents but not to single parents described as high in socioeconomic status (well-educated and financially well-off).