Resilience in COVID-19 Patients and Its Association With Their Spiritual Health

Background: Due to the importance of spiritual health in patients with thalassemia and its positive and significant effects on improving the treatment process and mental, psychological and social conditions of these patients and according to the results of previous studies, patients with thalassemia have high spiritual health. The lack of studies in this field, the present study was conducted to determine the spiritual health of adolescents with thalassemia major. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 100 adolescents with thalassemia major. Sampling was done by available means. Patients' spiritual health was measured using the Poltzin and Ellison spiritual health questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics tests and the relationship between mean spiritual health and mean age of patients with Pearson correlation coefficient test, its relationship with gender and place of residence with independent t-test and its relationship with economic status with ANOVA. Results: The mean and standard deviation of patients' spiritual health score was 74.23 ± 11.45, which showed a moderate level of spiritual health. 12% of patients (12 patients) reported low spiritual health, 84% (84 patients) reported moderate spiritual health and 4% (4 patients) reported high spiritual health. There was no significant relationship between spiritual health and demographic characteristics (p value > 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study which showed that adolescents with thalassemia have a moderate level of spiritual health and due to the high importance of spiritual health in improving treatment, adherence to treatment regimen, life expectancy and mental health of patients, It is necessary to take appropriate measures to improve the spiritual health of these patients.

Background: Spiritual health is one of the important factors predicting human health. This study aimed to determine the relationship between mothers’ spiritual health with newborns’ physical development indices and other physiologic parameters.<br />Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 155 mothers giving birth to newborns were selected from Hazrat Zeinab hospital during 2017-2018. The data were gathered through a checklist containing all mothers’ and babies’ demographic information. Moreover, we used Palutzian and Ellison’s scale to measure the mothers’ spiritual health score. To analyze the data, we used SPSS software (version 18).<br />Results: The mothers’ mean age was reported as 27.84±6.67 years. Moreover, 71.6% of the mothers’ educational level was under diploma, and 65.2% of them were not employed (did not have any jobs). The mean score of the mothers’ spiritual health was 75.96±8.75. In this regard, 97.4% of the subjects had a moderate level of spiritual health, and 2.6% of them had a high level of spiritual health. There was a significant negative correlation between the mothers’ spiritual health score and neonates’ physical development scores. However, this correlation was significant (height: r=-0.1, P=0.21; weight r=-0.058, P=0.47; size of head: r=-0.033, P=0.6; size of belly: r=0.047, P=0.56), and there were positive correlations between the mothers’ spiritual health scores (heart beats: r=-0.034, P=0.66; percentage of saturated oxygen: r=-0.034, P=0.90; degree of heat: r=0.047, P=0.96). However, none of these correlations were statistically significant.<br />Conclusion: In general, the results of this study showed that most of the mothers had a normal and high level of spiritual health, but a higher percentage of moderate level of spiritual health was observed in mothers, compared to those of other levels. Moreover, no significant correlations were found between mothers’ spiritual health scores with newborns’ physical development indices and other physiologic factors.

Background and aim: Spiritual health is one of the most important social – cultural factors that may predict mental health. The main purpose of this study was to assess association between mental health and spiritual health among students in Shiraz University.Materials and Method: A descriptive-correlational design was used for the study.The study was conducted in 2012. A total number of 474 students (237 female and 237 male) were recruited in this study using a cluster sampling method. Data were collected using Goldberg’s Mental Health Questionnaire and Pulutzyn and Ellison spiritual health questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS16 software and two categories of descriptive and inferential statistical methods correlation and regression and t- tests.Findings: The results of the study indicated that there is a significant relationship between mental health and spiritual health scores in both sexes (P<001). Variable of spiritual health, can predict 70 percent mental health in female and male. T-test results showed that there is a difference between the means of spiritual health in boys and girls (p< 0/05).Discussion & Conclusion: Changings in the educational system and paying attention to mental health and spiritual health to meet the needs of students may be necessary. There is a need for further applied research for testing interventions to promote mental health and spiritual health students.Key Words: Mental health, spiritual health, Students REFERENCES Alahbakhshian M Jafarpour - Alavi M, Parvizi S Haghani H (2010). A survey on relationship between spiritual wellbeing and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Science. 12(29-33). Bahrami E Hosseini Vajari K (2003)[ The Relationship Between Religious Coping and Spiritual Happiness with Mental Health in Women]. Master’s thesis,Theran university. (Persian). 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Introduction: In different societies, paying attention to spiritual dimension of health has been emphasized as one of the health dimensions according to the WHO. The study aimed to determine the relation between spiritual health and use of virtual social networks among high school students in Firouzabad, Fars province in 2017. Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 380 students (16-18 years) were selected using the multistage stratified sampling. Data collection instruments included demographic information questionnaire, virtual social network use questionnaire, and Poltzea and Ellisons questionnaire of spiritual health assessment. To analyze the data, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, and logistic regression tests were used. Results: The mean score of spiritual health was 83.98 ± 17.01 and had a significant correlation with education level (p&lt;0.001) and internet use time (p=0.02). A significant correlation was found between virtual social networks use and monthly income, (r=0.17) religions health (r= -0.64), individual health (r= -0.11), and total score of spiritual health (r= -0.09). Most of the students (65.77%) had internet access and the most frequently used virtual social network was WathsApp. Logisitc regression revealed that the mean score of desirable spiritual health among students who used virtual social networks for 11-20 , 21-30, and &gt;30 hours per week were 0.83 , 0.72, and 0.27 times lower than the students who used these networks less than 10 hours a week. Conclusion: Internet access was higher in male students than female and the spiritual health was at the average level in both genders. Regarding the effect of virtual social networks on students and its increasing expansion, the issue must be considered by authorities.

Objectives: Children are the most important asset in any country. Since cardiovascular diseases are built up little by little from childhood, this study attempted to detect the relationship between psychological, spiritual, and social health conditions and cardiovascular risk factors in children. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study performed on 1035 children aged 6-18 years by multi-stage random cluster sampling in 2016 in Yazd province of Iran. The lifestyle questionnaire (LSQ) was used to collect data. In addition, demographic information (i.e., age and sex) and cardiac risk factors were measured. Logistic regression and t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: In this study, by increasing the mean score of psychological and spiritual health, fasting blood sugar (FBS) decreased significantly (OR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.02-0.80, P trend = 0.003 and OR = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.01, -0.28, P trend = 0.013). Also, with increasing the mean score of spiritual health, body mass index (BMI) reduced significantly too. (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.18-0.66, P trend = 0.014). However, social health failed to be significantly associated with cardiac risk factors. Conclusions: FBS in children aged 6-18 years is affected by psychological and spiritual health. BMI and the level of spiritual health also turned out to be inversely related. As a result, psychological and spiritual health dimensions should be improved to lower the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in children aged 6-18 years.

Background and Objectives: Cancer is one of the most common chronic diseases that affects the spiritual health of patients. Therefore, interventions are needed to improve the spiritual health of patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of group hope therapy on the spiritual health of cancer patients. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed from December to March 2015 in Gonabad city. The study population was all cancer patients and the research environment was cancer clinic. Forty patients were selected by simple random sampling method and randomly divided into experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. After completing demographic and spiritual health Paloutzian & Ellison questionnaires, Hope group therapy sessions were performed in 8 sessions of 90 minutes once a week in the experimental group; but the control group received only routine care. The spiritual health questionnaire was completed again at the end of the last session. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, paired-t test and covariance analysis. Results: According to the results of the study, the two groups didnchr('39')t have any significantly difference in terms of demographic variables (p>0.05). The mean score of spiritual health after the intervention showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p<0.001). Group hope therapy also improved the spiritual health of cancer patients in the experimental group (p=0.012). Conclusion: Considering the findings of the study, which showed that group hope therapy affects the spiritual health of cancer patients, it is recommended to use this method in the care and treatment of cancer patients. Key words: Group Hope therapy, Spiritual health, Cancer Funding: This research was funded by the Student Research Committee of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences approved the study (IRGMU.REC.1394.14). How to cite this article: Saberi Noghabi E, Zarvandi R, Jeddi H, Jamali Noghabi Z, Mazloum Shahri S B, Noori R. The Effect of Group Hope Therapy on Spiritual Health of Cancer Patients: A Semi Experimental Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2020; 19 (4): 369-82. Farsi

Introduction: Fasting is one of the religious duties of Muslims; it has many benefits. However, this study aimed to investigate the effect of fasting on students' spiritual and mental health and control of aggression. Methods: Using a convenience sampling method, 300 students (150 girls and 150 boys) were selected as a sample from Azad University, Khoy branch in 2019. One week before the holy month of Ramadan (pre-test), the subjects completed the GHQ Mental Health Questionnaire, Palutzian-Elison Spiritual Health Questionnaire, and AAI Aggression Control Questionnaire; one week after the end of Ramadan (post-test), they completed the same questionnaires again. One-way analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in students' spiritual health, mental health, and control of aggression post-test scores. The effect of fasting on students' spiritual health, mental health, and aggression control post-test scores were 0.86, 0.89, and 0.88, respectively. Conclusion: The religious duties, especially fasting, impact on spiritual health, mental health, and aggression control of people in society. Therefore, the youth should be encouraged to perform these religious duties.

Background: One of the main competencies required for enabling Nursing students to provide effective clinical care is spiritual health. The growth and development of nursing students’ spiritual health rely on strengthening their cognitive and metacognitive components. What is more associated with spirituality and spiritual health is students’ metacognition. This study aimed to investigate the effect of metacognition instruction in multimedia-based learning environments on nursing students’ spiritual health.Methods: In this study, a multiple-group pretest, posttest design was used. The population included all the undergraduate students of nursing at Alborz University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2015-2016. Of these, 60 were selected through a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to three experimental groups: face-to-face, online, and blended instruction (each including 20 participants). The instruments included an instructional multimedia and a spiritual health questionnaire. For data analyses, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied.Results: One-way analysis of variance between the experimental groups showed that there were significant differences in terms of the spiritual health variable. Further analyses using Tukey post hoc test revealed that the effect of instruction of metacognitive components on spiritual health in the blended learning environment was higher than face-to-face and online learning environments. In addition, metacognition instruction in face-to-face learning environment had a more positive effect on spiritual health when compared with the online learning environment.Conclusions: Metacognition instruction in blended learning environments was more effective in spiritual health in comparison with face-to-face and online learning environments.

Both coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and cancer place a heavy burden on the society and mental health of patients. Spiritual health may play a prominent role in coping with stressful conditions. Considering the existing controversy regarding the correlation between spiritual health and stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic in cancer patients, this study aimed to assess the correlation between spiritual health and COVID-19 stress in cancer patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted on cancer patients presenting to Rasoul and Firouzgar Hospitals, affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences, in 2022. After obtaining written informed consent, eligible patients filled out the spiritual health questionnaire and COVID Stress Scale (CSS). Data were analyzed by the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and one-way ANOVA. The mean (SD) levels of COVID-19 stress and spiritual health were equal to 106.5 (44.5) and 26.2 (10.9), respectively, which are regarded as moderate levels. An inverse correlation of -0.48 was found between spiritual health and COVID-19 stress (P < 0.001). Spiritual health decreased by an increase in the stage of cancer (P < 0.001). The mean COVID-19 total stress score and its domain scores [except for the post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) domain] were significantly higher in patients with poor spiritual health compared with those with good spiritual health. However, the difference in this regard was not significant between patients with poor and moderate spiritual health (P > 0.05). This study confirmed the prominent role of spiritual health in the reduction of COVID-19 stress. Promotion of spiritual health in cancer patients should be considered as an inseparable part of patient care to prevent disease aggravation and decrease the stress level of cancer patients, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective To investigate the present situation of spiritual health and empathy of undergraduate nursing students, and explore the correlation between them. Methods Convenient sampling was used and 498 senior nursing students were recruited from 2 universities in Shandong Province. They were investigated using the general questionnaire, the Spiritual Health Scale Short Form and Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Results The total score of spiritual health was (92.87±12.28), the 5 dimensions of the item score from high to low were connection to others (4.46±0.62), meaning derived from living (4.15±0.69), self-understanding (4.03±0.72), transcendence (3.95±0.74) and religious attachment (2.60±1.08). The total score of Interpersonal Reactivity Index was (57.50±8.35), the 5 dimensions of the item score from high to low were perspective taking (2.78±0.61), empathy concern (2.72±0.56), fantasy (2.61±0.57), personal distress (2.32±0.78). Nursing students’ spiritual health score and empathy was positively correlated (r=0.334, P<0.01). Regression analysis, single-child (B=0.202, P<0.05), exercise habit (B=0.363, P<0.01), religious belief (B=0.381, P<0.01), academic performance (B=0.205, P<0.05), nursing career in the future (B=0.285, P<0.01) were the influencing factors of nursing students′ spiritual health. Conclusions Spiritual health is closely related to empathy; the higher the level of spiritual health, the higher the empathy ability. It suggests that nursing educators can improve nursing students′ empathy by improving the spiritual health of nursing students. Key words: Nursing students; Spirituality; Spiritual health; Empathy; Interpersonal reactivity index

Background and Objectives: Spiritual health has a positive effect on the way of interaction, organizational belonging, and job commitment of people. Therefore, it is expected that in sensitive jobs, such as pharmacy and prescribing medicine for patients, errors will be reduced and patient safety will be improved. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between spiritual health and job performance among pharmacists and pharmacy staff in Qom Province in 2017-2018. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on a total of 140 staff of pharmacies in Qom. The performance measurement tool was Paterson’s occupational performance questionnaire. Along with demographic information, the state of spiritual health was also evaluated using an authentic Iranian questionnaire. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: The mean age and work experience of the participants were 31.05±8.3 and 7.94±7.4 years, respectively. The total score of occupational performance and spiritual health was obtained as 70±10 and 211.9±23.6, respectively. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant relationship between spiritual health and job performance (P&lt;0.01). Conclusion: Considering the existence of a relationship between the spiritual health of personnel and job performance, it can be concluded that by improving the level of the spiritual health of the personnel working in the pharmacy, the effectiveness factors of organizational behavior will improve. It is recommended that more research be done in the field of job performance improvement.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been shown to affect both physical and mental health. Because of this mental health burden, it is important to pay attention to issues such as the relationship between spiritual health, death attitudes and meaning in life - all issues made more prominent during the pandemic. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between these three factors - spiritual health, meaning in life, and death attitudes, among patients with COVID-19 discharged from the intensive care units of hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted between April 2020 and August 2021 with 260 participants. The data collection instruments were a demographic characteristics questionnaire, Polotzin and Ellison's Spiritual Health Questionnaire, The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R).The correlation between meaning in life, spiritual health, and death attitudes was determined by Spearman's correlation coefficient. The research results showed that there is an inverse and significant correlation between spiritual health and death attitudes (p = 0.01); an inverse, but insignificant correlation between existential health and subscales of death attitudes, except for the subscales of approach acceptance and neutral acceptance (p > 0.05); and an inverse, but insignificant, correlation between spiritual health and death attitudes, (p > 0.05). In addition, there was an inverse and significant correlation between the presence of meaning in life and escape acceptance (p = 0.002); an inverse and significant correlation between the search for meaning in life and neutral acceptance (p = 0.007); and an inverse and significant correlation between the meaning in life and death attitudes (p = 0.04). Besides, the findings showed an inverse but insignificant correlation between all spiritual health subscales and the meaning in life subscales (p > 0.05). Spiritual health has an inverse correlation with death attitudes.Also, there is an inverse correlation between the total score of spiritual health and death attitudes. Regarding the subscales of spiritual health, there is an inverse correlation between existential health and death attitudes subscales, except for approach acceptance and neutral acceptance. Also, the results showed an inverse and significant correlation between meaning in life and death acceptance and avoidance subscales, and there was an inverse and significant correlation between the meaning in life and death attitudes. Finally, the increase in spiritual health reduces patients' risks of thinking about death. The research results double the significance of the role of nurses, especially those dealing with critically ill patients and those who have experienced severe disease conditions.

It is necessary to study the various dimensions of health and their affecting factors during the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic to identify the necessary interventions. The study aims to determine the relationship between spiritual health and happiness in medical students during the COVID-19 outbreak. In this analytical cross-sectional design study, 409 medical students were examined for the state of happiness and spiritual health and the relationship between them. Student information was collected through Web-based sampling by using standard tools from 20 April to 20 June 2020. Medical students completed the demographic questionnaire as well as Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) and Paloutzian and Ellison spiritual health questionnaire. The results showed that while the score of spiritual health and happiness was related to factors such as marriage, interest in a field of study, and socioeconomic status, the relationship between spiritual health and happiness was significant (r = 0.72). This study showed that students’ happiness scores were not optimal during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the strong relationship between spiritual health and happiness scores, spiritual health promotion, in conjunction with other interventions, can be used to improve happiness in this group.

Introduction:This research aimed to determine the relationship between personality dimensions with the rate of resiliency and internal cohesion regarding the intermediary role of spiritual health in candidate patients for eye surgery.Methods:The method used in this is of correlation type, and statistical population in this project included all eye patients chosen for eye surgery who were examined at technical eye clinics in Tehran. The statistical sample included 200 patients from the statistical population who were chosen through a targeted sampling method. The data collection tools were Conner and Davidson’s tolerance questionnaire (2003), Maccary and Costa’s personality questionnaire (1985), Antonowski’s internal cohesion scale (1970), and Politzin and Elison’s spiritual health questionnaire (1982). The research hypotheses were examined through regression analysis, Pearson’s correlation, and path analysis.Results:The results showed that the calculated fit indices of the structural model of the research were correlated with the five dimensions of personality and internal cohesion of patients undergoing eye surgery with respect to the mediator role of spiritual health with 88% confidence. Investigation of path analysis coefficients showed a significant relationship between exogenous and intermediary variables on resiliency and internal cohesion (P value = 0.00).Conclusion:According to the results of the research, the spiritual health variable plays a significant mediating role for exogenous and endogenous variables in this model. Therefore, personality traits not only directly influence resilience and internal cohesion but also indirectly influence spiritual well-being.

IntroductionWorking conditions and occupational stress among nurses affect the quality of care and, consequently, patient satisfaction. Moreover, spiritual health among nurses is an essential component of healthcare services in achieving patient satisfaction. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the relationship between nurses’ spiritual health and patients’ satisfaction with nursing services (PSNS) provided in southwest Iran.MethodsThis descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted among 80 nurses and their corresponding 80 patients in the clinical wards of Imam Khomeini and Razi Hospitals in Ahvaz in 2022. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires assessing spiritual health and PSNS, employing a convenience sampling method. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation test, and multiple linear regression in SPSS version 24. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered.ResultsThe mean score of nurses’ spiritual health was 90.27 ± 15.32, and the mean score of PSNS was 97.23 ± 14.13, both at a moderate level. No significant association was found between spiritual health scores and demographic variables (p > 0.05). A significant association was observed between patient satisfaction scores and the frequency of hospital visits (p = 0.029). No statistically significant relationship was found between nurses’ spiritual health and patients’ satisfaction (p > 0.05). The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.175) indicated that the type of insurance, frequency of hospital visits, and marital status of patients together predicted 17.5% of the variance in patient satisfaction.ConclusionSpiritual health among nurses had no effect on patients’ satisfaction with nursing care, and no statistically significant relationship was found between these two variables. PSNS was influenced by their demographic characteristics and environmental factors such as frequency of visits, educational level, insurance coverage, and marital status, rather than by the nurses’ spiritual health. By improving service delivery processes, enhancing patients’ awareness of the treatment process, providing financial support for patients, and identifying other contributing factors, patients’ satisfaction can be improved.