Residents' attitude for LGBTIQ+ tourism development in Mexico: satisfaction and perceived benefits effects

The idea of sustainability has been incorporated into tourism development policies since the 1990s. Over the years, sustainable tourism has become one of the success stories of tourism research and policy-making. However, there has been an increase in criticism towards the idea of sustainable tourism and how it has been practised and transformed by the industry and guiding policies. In particular, the growth orientation of the industry and the transformation of tourism-centric sustainability have been critically debated in academia. Furthermore, various recent policy documents have highlighted the idea of sustainable growth and its applications in tourism development. This chapter discusses the idea and evolution of sustainable development thinking in tourism. First, the chapter starts by introducing the key aspects and background processes of sustainable development and the concept of sustainable tourism. This is followed by a critical discussion on evolved sustainable growth thinking and its problematic nature in a global tourism development context. Finally, the current growth emphasis in sustainable tourism is briefly discussed in relation to the increasing calls for a degrowth or post-growth economy.

Explanation of the Culture-Oriented Tourism Strategy in Fashaphouieh-Kolain Dehestan

From the perspectives of social equitable exchange theory, contents and features of exchange between medical staff and patients in the doctor-patient relationship as well as their evalua- tion on social equitable exchange theory were analyzed according to basic features of doctor-patient relationship. Suggestions were proposed from government, industry, hospital and medical staff. Key words: Social exchange theory; Doctor-patient relationship; Medical disputes

This study examines the attitudes of Cape Verde residents toward tourism and the factors that determine their support for tourism development, using Social Exchange Theory as a conceptual framework. The research is framed within a broader analysis of the interrelationship between tourism, entrepreneurship, and economic development in emerging economies, based on the premise that positive attitudes toward tourism can facilitate the recognition and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the sector, thus contributing to sustainable socioeconomic development. This approach acquires special relevance in the context of small island developing states, where tourism simultaneously represents a crucial opportunity for economic growth and a challenge to social, cultural, and environmental sustainability. Through an online survey of 518 Cape Verde residents, conducted between May and July 2022, perceptions of various tourism aspects were analyzed: general valuation, economic, social, cultural, and environmental impacts (both benefits and costs), support for tourism development, perceived personal benefit, and antecedent factors such as community attachment, ecocentric attitudes, perceived compatibility, tourism knowledge, and evaluation of local socioeconomic conditions. The results reveal a moderately positive general perception of tourism, although with a notable discrepancy between global valuation and its impact on daily life, suggesting an unequal distribution of benefits. Residents perceive strong economic benefits from tourism, moderate cultural benefits, and limited social and environmental benefits. Simultaneously, there is significant concern about environmental costs, while economic, social, and cultural costs are perceived with less intensity. Support for tourism development is moderately high, though with important sociodemographic variations: higher among youth, women, students, and employees, and lower among those over 45 years old and not economically active. A particularly relevant finding is the extremely negative evaluation of the current state of the local economy and quality of life, which contextualizes the perception of tourism as a development opportunity despite its possible negative impacts. This duality between perceived socioeconomic precarity and moderate tourism support underscores the pragmatic nature of residents' evaluation of the social exchange this activity represents. Correlation and multiple regression analyses identify perceived personal benefit as the most powerful determinant of tourism support, followed by perceived economic benefits and compatibility between tourism and community. Environmental benefits, cultural benefits, and community attachment also significantly influence, though with less intensity. In contrast, cultural costs and ecocentric attitude exert a significant negative influence on tourism support. This structure of determinants confirms the fundamental postulates of Social Exchange Theory, where the evaluation of costs and benefits, especially at the personal level, conditions attitudes toward tourism development. A finding deserving special attention is the generational dif erence in attitudes toward tourism, with youth showing a considerably more positive view than older people. This generational gap, which manifests consistently across various analyzed dimensions, could reflect dif erent professional and life expectations, as well as dif erent degrees of exposure and adaptation to sociocultural changes linked to tourism development. Understanding these dif erences is crucial for developing inclusive strategies that address specific concerns of each population group. These findings have important implications for tourism management in Cape Verde, suggesting the need to implement policies that ensure a more equitable distribution of tourism benefits, develop environmentally sustainable tourism models, safeguard cultural heritage, improve tourism's contribution to basic services such as healthcare and education, and foster community participation in tourism planning. Likewise, identifying factors that determine tourism support provides valuable guidance for designing strategies that maximize benefits perceived by the local population and minimize potential negative impacts, thus contributing to socially sustainable tourism development broadly supported by the host community. The Cape Verde case of ers valuable lessons about the complex interaction between tourism and local communities in small island developing states, where this activity simultaneously represents an important economic opportunity and a challenge to sociocultural and environmental sustainability. The application of Social Exchange Theory principles allows better understanding of the mechanisms that determine community support for tourism and provides guidelines for development that maximizes its benefits for the local population and minimizes its potential negative impacts.

Purpose This paper aims to explain how innovation can contribute to sustainable tourism growth, bearing in mind that tourism was never a factor of conflict but a factor and a sign of peace and prosperity. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on information drawn from official information sources and relevant data from Travelport. Findings Sustainable tourism growth is unstoppable and is already a reality – proved by decades of permanent growth. Sustainable tourism growth is needed for economic, social, cultural, environmental and political reasons. A continued and sustainable tourism growth is possible with better management and the innovation and technology support. Originality/value Tourism performance in recent decades proves that tourism can meet societal expectations and demands at all levels and is a determinant factor of cultural interchange and an important pillar for peace and harmony between different nationalities.

Social Exchange Theory research in the field of tourism has accumulated some achievements. It is a very widely used theory in tourism research. It is widely used in residents' support, forecasting future tourism development and other issues, and has strong explanatory power. However, as an important academic school of sociology, social exchange theory has a long history of development and theoretical connotation, not just two simple concepts of cost and benefit. Early researchers simplified the social exchange theory as cost and benefit, which is convenient for quantitative research. With the deepening of the research, there are some phenomena in the field of tourism that can't be explained by the social exchange theory, and the social exchange theory can't accurately explain some complex problems. There are some problems in the use of social exchange theory and research methods in tourism academia, which leads to the lack of theoretical contribution in related research. This paper attempts to trace the origin of social exchange theory in the field of tourism, analyze various research methods and scales, and critically reflect on the problems existing in the research of social exchange theory in the field of tourism. The research in the field of tourism simplifies the social exchange theory, but the social exchange theory has a complex and huge theoretical background and foundation. In the tourism research, we find out the parts that are easy to quantify, and ignore some other parts that have explanatory power in the field of tourism. The cost-benefit model commonly used by researchers is convenient for quantitative explanation of some phenomena in the field of tourism and helps to explain many phenomena. However, the existing research framework and models are oversimplified and misused, ignoring the original rich connotation of social exchange theory, such as some important variables and principles, and even being mistaken for only the connotation of cost and benefit. In the future, tourism research should clarify the theoretical basis, theoretical source and theoretical connotation of social exchange theory, adhere to the problem oriented research design, avoid following others' advice, and ignore other explanatory parts of social exchange theory in the field of tourism. Social exchange theory is a rich theoretical mine, and there are many contents that can be mined. In the future, we should bring the contents previously ignored for research into the research framework and research model, so as to improve the explanatory power of social exchange theory on complex tourism phenomena.

In this chapter, social exchange theory (SET) whose roots date back to Homans (1958) and Blau (1964) is reviewed through tourism perspective. SET has been widely used to explain residents’ perceptions towards tourism or tourism development. From a tourism perspective, individuals who perceive the benefits of exchange, which means interaction between residents and tourists, tend to consider that exchange positive. Thus, residents who benefit from tourism positively consider tourism development. Shortly, SET suggests that possible costs or benefits obtained from this exchange play important role in residents’ evaluation of this exchange process. The main factors that affect residents’ support towards tourism divided into three groups: economic, social and environmental. Tourism studies reveal that SET is still the dominant theory explaining residents’ attitudes towards tourism and its impacts. However, the widespread use of SET in tourism research also increases the amount of criticism of SET. Whereas previous research based on SET have offered an appropriate theoretical framework to explain local people’s attitude towards tourism, recent studies highlight that as SET does not have a “theoretical precision”, researchers have begun to use an existing or new theory.

One of the most controversial HRM topics that have received extensive attention from academics and practitioners communities over the past two decades is flexible working hours (FWH) and its impact on productivity. Nevertheless, the work is focused almost exclusively on business and organizational aspects neglecting the employees’ and social perspectives, and thus far lacks a strong theoretical foundation, particularly social theory. Therefore, unlike other work, the present study focuses heavily on the employees’ perspective based on a social theory; namely: social exchange theory (SET). This study aims to explore and evaluate the antecedents for requesting FWH, mainly: employee and social-related factors, which affect their productivity. SET was found valuable to serve the aim of the research because it magnifies the importance of the employee as a partner who is in reciprocal social relations. Two mixed triangulated sets of qualitative data were collected, namely: semi-structured interviews and document analysis (cross-sectional and longitudinal). Thirty-two interviews were conducted with employees and with management. Document analysis is a novel source of data that was extracted from the company’s internal technological platform and contains employees’ first-hand computerized typewritten comments about FWH. The analysis of the findings reveals that the most significant factors found affecting employees’ decision to demand FWH for productivity are midday breaks, traffic/transportation, schooling, and social life. Moreover, the findings suggest that HR practitioners need to recognize employees’ social factors before applying FWH practice. This present research makes an original and important contribution to HRM scholarship and reflects theoretical rigor (social exchange theory), methodological (mixed triangulation methods), empirical, and practical. For example, theoretical contributions regarding SET’s reciprocity “black box” were highlighted. Moreover, the implication of the findings assists HR, in particular in Saudi organizations, to ensure the FWH contributes to overcoming these identified employees’ related antecedents.

The travel and tourism industry contributes significantly to economic growth, global connectivity, and quality of life. We investigate the relationship between fiscal decentralization, energy security, economic growth, and tourism for the leading-six economies (namely China, France, Germany, Japan, the UK, and the USA) from 1995 to 2018 and examine the existence of the Kuznets curve (KC) between TR and FDC. Feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) and Panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) are employed for empirical examination of the liaison between the said variables. In the leading six economies, we find evidence for the N-shaped Kuznets curve. Fiscal decentralization (FDC), economic growth (EG), and energy security (ES) promote tourism. Other controls, such as tourism development and urbanization, are also included in the core model to check the robustness of the results. Our findings are insensitive to the integration of the other controls and econometric models. We find a positive relationship between urbanization, tourism development, and tourism, emphasizing the importance of tourism development and urbanization. The policy implication is that the top six economies can achieve sustainable growth in tourism by decentralizing their fiscal policies, boosting their economic growth, and ensuring their energy securities.

Tourism growth is a significant factor in the economic development around the globe, and eco-innovation and tourism policies could improve the tourism development and needs the researchers’ attention. Thus, the present article investigates the impact of eco-product innovation, eco-process innovation, eco-organizational innovation, eco-tourism policies, and social media on sustainable tourism development in Indonesia. This article has used primary data collection methods like questionnaires to collect the data from the selected respondents. The research also applied the smart-PLS to check the association among variables and test the hypotheses. The results revealed that eco-product innovation, eco-process innovation, eco-organizational innovation, eco-tourism policies, and social media have a positive nexus with sustainable tourism growth in Indonesia. This shows that through social media, the tourism firms keep in contact with the stakeholders, can have information, and share their own ideas with them. In this way, they can keep their tourism practice innovative and according to the requirements of stakeholders. This article guides the regulators to develop effective policies that improve sustainable tourism growth using eco-innovation and eco-tourism policies.

Considering the increasing challenges of the current cities, the urban tourism has been proposed as a solution for solving or minimizing different problems. Including economic, social and environmental aspects, this approach can lead to the fulfillment of sustainable development theory. Accordingly, there is no doubt about the successful results of the urban tourism development and all urban managers and authorities agree on this point. Meanwhile, what threatens the success of the urban tourism development plans is to ignore the all effective factors that make effect on the quality of travel experience. In their best, the cities are projected in their public spaces, and any tourist spent a considerable part of his travel in such spaces. Thus the quality of urban spaces is an important factor on the successfulness of urban tourism development plans and hence their environmental desirability must be studied and evaluated more precise under a comprehensive approach. The main objective of this research is to answer the main question of how the effective spatial qualities on tourism are explain with regard to the social factors. Since the man and his activities are the base of the urban studies, this article uses an urban-strategic approach based on the descriptive-analytical method using library resources to study the social factors that are effective on the qualities of urban spaces. The analytical model of the research will be presented based on the theoretical studies. The results show that some qualities such as flexibility, functional diversity, physical diversity, vegetation, safety, lightening, landscape attractiveness, identity, and memorability in relation to the urban space, and social and arbitrary activities based on Gehl theory can make effect as the complementary factors of the urban tourism attraction and make effect on social factors such as vitality, sense of security, arbitrary activity, social activity and tourists sense of peace. Emphasizing on the social exchange theory, such factors can pave the way for the sustainability of urban tourism industry. The results of this research can be used in identifying and reinforcing the spatial qualities relating to the social factors that are effective on tourism in Iran. Consequently, they can be useful in the tourism development. The essential value of this article is its simultaneous focus on both spatial qualities (physical dimension) and social factors (human dimension) in relation to the tourism development. In this regard, the unidimensional attitude is rejected and the adaptation of a holistic approach to the urban tourism is highlighted.

<p>Tourism development involves sustainably creating and managing destinations, products, and services that balance economic, social, and environmental factors while meeting visitor and local community expectations. The purpose of this study is to understand the local people’s perception of tourism development in Pokhara, Nepal. An explanatory research design is used to show the cause-and-effect relationship between variables. The research was conducted using Social Exchange Theory (SET). The data was examined using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The sample size was determined to be 403 using non-probability sampling. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect the data using the KOBO toolbox. Furthermore, the Structure Equation Model (SEM) was the analytical approach used to process the data. Results reveal a noteworthy relationship between independent variables (such as cultural impact, social impact, environmental impact, and economic impact) and dependent variables (support for tourism development). The major challenges in tourism development have been identified, including deficient infrastructure, suboptimal tourism strategies and implementation, and inadequate government oversight. Effective mitigation of these challenges necessitates the implementation of appropriate infrastructure and development initiatives, proficient governmental management, and a concerted effort to augment the quantity and quality of hotels and accommodations. The significance of cultural, social, environmental, and economic impact cannot be understated or overstated in the context of tourism development. Addressing major challenges, the study suggests focused efforts in enhancing infrastructure and development, adopting effective management practices, and augmenting the quantity and quality of hotels and accommodations.</p>

PurposeAlthough social exchange theory has long been used to explain employees’ positive work attitudes in response to perceived investment in employee development (PIED), few studies have examined this theoretical mechanism by introducing a direct measure of social exchange between employees and their personified organization. Furthermore, most studies have focused solely on one type of exchange (i.e. social exchange) and have ignored another type of exchange characterized as economic exchange. The purpose of this paper is therefore to uncover the process by which PIED affects employees’ attitudes, including affective organizational commitment and job satisfaction, by examining the mediating roles of both social and economic exchanges.Design/methodology/approachTo test the hypothesized mediating model, this study conducted a three-phase, time-lagged questionnaire survey and collected data from 545 full-time employees. The model was tested based on structural equation modeling with a bootstrap test of indirect effects.FindingsIn line with social exchange theory, the findings showed that social exchange perceptions positively mediated the relationships between PIED and affective commitment/job satisfaction, whereas economic exchange perceptions negatively mediated them. Additionally, social and economic exchange perceptions were found to partially mediate the relationship between PIED and affective commitment but fully mediate the relationship between PIED and job satisfaction.Practical implicationsThese results suggest that employers would benefit from investing in employee development, provided workers see the training investment as the employer’s side of social exchange, which in turn leads to increased affective commitment and job satisfaction. When employers do not achieve the expected returns from the training investment, they should check not only hard data (e.g. training attendance rate, hours of training, etc.) but also soft data (e.g. employees’ perceptions of training investment, social exchange, etc.) by conducting employee surveys and communicating with line managers.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this study is that it provides important empirical support for social exchange theory in the context of organizational training investment and employees’ attitudinal outcomes, by directly testing the positive mediating role of social exchange and the negative role of economic exchange.

Langkawi Island is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Malaysia among both domestic and international tourists. The development of the tourism industry on this island has brought direct and indirect impact to the local communities. The objective of the present study is to analyze the impact of tourism development on the local communilt of Langkawi. This study is based on the perspectives of 493 local residents selected using multistage cluster sampling. Questionnaires qre used as an instrument to collect data via a face to face interview in predetermined locations which are in proximity to tourist destination areas. Based on the social exchange theory $er), 24 variables are examined. Statistical techniques used to analyze data in this study include mean analysis, exploratory factor analysis (zr,l) and regression analysis. The results for the mean analysis show thatfive variables that have the highest mean score qre; increasing the provision of appropriate employment opportunities (4.15); encouraging tourists to come and spend their money in Langkawi (a.|a); increasing communityb pride in their own culture G 09); providing employment opportunity for the local residents (a.09); and attracting investors to Langkawi (4.07). Exploratory factor analysis (oru) is conducted resulting in all the 24 variables grouped into 4 constructs namely economic, social, cultural and environmental factors. However, only social, cultural and economic factors are statistically significant in influencing the overall perceptions on tourism development impact on the island based on a multiple regression analysis. Although environmental factor is not significant in the regression model, based on the mean analysis this sndy concludes that there is a slight environmental degradation due to tourism development on this island. The mean analysis also shows that in general, the community perceived that tourism development brings positive impact. Hence, local community b active participation in the industry is encouraged. Stakeholders in the tourism industry in Langkawi such as the federal and state governments; and private agencies, must engage in more proactive initiatives to ensure continuous participation from the local community which consequently will result in a long run sustainable development of the tourism industry on the island.

Current research on tourist destination residents’ attitudes lacks an in-depth investigation of the roles of the resident-community relationship and quality-of-life. Using social exchange and relational quality theories, this study examines the effect of personal benefits from tourism on the resident-community relationship. Hypothesized relationships are examined using the structural equation model technique. Utilizing a stratified random sampling technique, residents of Gulangyu Island located in Xiamen City, China, were surveyed. By integrating ideas from both social exchange theory and relational quality theory, the current study provides new insights into the relationship amongst the perceived personal benefits that residents obtain from tourism in their communities and the resulting level of their backing for tourism development. Relational quality theory is extended through investigation of the function of important relationship variables in the unique setting of a tourist destination. Study findings also provide support for a quality-of-life to support for tourism development relationship. In addition, multi-mediating analysis provides new insights regarding the nature of the relationship that personal benefits from tourism have with resident backing for tourism development. Findings from this study can assist researchers and destination officials to better identify some of the driving factors that impact resident support for tourism development.