Research on the advantages of growing agricultural industrial crops on experimental plots

This research aims to known inheritance soybean plant on F1 descent. The research was conducted at Agriculture Faculcity Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan in June 2014 until February 2015. The research counducted in 2 phase. The first phase is crossing, are G1 (♀Detam II X ♂Anjasmoro), G2 (♀Anjasmoro X ♂Detam II), G3 (♀Grobogan X ♂Anjasmoro), G4 (♀Anjasmoro X ♂Grobogan), G5 (♀Grobogan X ♂Detam II) and G6 (♀Detam II X ♂Grobogan). The second phase is F1 test. The percentage of successfully are 32.22-46.45%. The highest result of crossing G1 and the lowest G4. G1 and G2 significantly different of flower age, plant height, number of seeds and pods with seed 1, number of seeds and pods with seed 2, number of seeds and pods with seed 3, number of pods containing, number of seed per plant, seed weight per plant and 100 seeds weight. G5 and G6 significantly different of flower age, harvesting time, primer branch number, number of seeds and pods with seed 2, number of seeds and pods with seed 3, number of pods containing, number of seed per plant and seed weight per plant. Difference between F1 and F1 reciprocal occur because of maternal inheritance inindividuals crossing result.Key words : crossing, Anjasmoro, Detam II, Grobogan, F1 test

An analysis was carried out during 2007-2009 on nine spring-sown Bulgarian and Ukrainian field pea cultivars. Strongest positive phenotypic correlations were observed between number of fertile nodes per plant and numbers of pods (r = 0.97) and number of seeds per plant (r = 0.97) and between number of seeds and pods per plant (r = 0.94); between seed weight per plant and number of seeds (r = 0.83) and fertile nodes per plant (r = 0.77). High genetic correlations were found between plant height and first pod height (r = 0.89), between number of pods per plant and seed weight per plant (r = 0.91) and number of seeds per plant (r = 0.96) and between seed weight per plant and number of branches per plant (r = 0.92) and number of fertile nodes per plant (r = 0.89). The strongest and direct positive effect on seed yield was found in branch length (17.70), 1000-seed weight (5.92) and number of seeds per pod (4.93). The highest positive indirect contribution was in branch length to number of seeds per pod (2214.8), number of fertile nodes per plant (1258.0) and number of seeds per plant (708.70). Based on the trait association and the path coefficients for seed yield and its components, it can be concluded that field pea breeders should pay attention to traits such as branch length, 1000-seed weight and number of seeds per pod when selecting high-yielding genotypes in field pea.

In order to study the phenological and morphological characteristics, comparison of yield and yield components, correlation between traits and determination of the parameters affecting seed yield, a field experiment was carried out at the Research Farm of Shahrekord University in 2007. Ten lentil genotypes were compared by a randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all evaluated traits. Considering significant negative correlation between growing degree days to physiological maturity and seed yield, early maturing genotypes such as genotypes Precoz and L3685, which could grow well before coinciding with high temperature will be produced high yield at Shahrekord climatic condition. Seed weight showed significant negative correlation with number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of pods per plant. Since, correlation of number of seeds per plant and number of pods per plant with seed yield were positive, it is expected that the genotypes with lower seed weight could compensate the reduction in their yield by producing either more number of pods or seeds per plant. The results of standard multiple regression analysis between seed yield and its components and also the effects of morphological traits on seed yield showed 100 seeds weight, number of seeds per pod and number of pods per plant highly affected seed yield. Among yield component, 100 seeds weight showed high correlation with seed yield and also showed the maximum positive direct effect on it. Therefore, this component of yield may be considered as the best criteria for indirect selection to increase seed yield. Cluster analysis indicated that the genotypes were different for all studied characteristics and were grouped into high and low yielding genotypes and the high yielding genotypes were early maturing ones.

Winter oilseed rape is an important oil crop in Bulgaria. In recent years, due to the change of climate requires the ongoing development and examination of new and world-wide rapeseed hybrids that are most appropriate and effective for specific micro-regions within the country. The selection of the appropriate hybrid is crucial for both yield quantities and the quality of the resulting produce. The objective of the study was to determine the seed yield and its components, along with certain qualitative aspects of five introduced rapeseed hybrids cultivated in Central Bulgaria. The field experiment was conducted of the selected area in Voivodinovo village in region Plovdiv during the period 2021-2024. The experiment was performed on alluvial-meadow soil type by means of a block method with four repetitions; experimental field area - 15 m2, after the predecessor winter wheat. The following hybrids were tested; InVigor 1266 CL, Beatrix CL, Matrix CL, Immortal CL and Robot CL. All the stages of the established technology for rapeseed growing were followed. The indices height of the plants, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, weight of seeds per plant, seed yield, oil yield, 1000 seed weight, test weight, oil content and crude protein were determined. The highest seed yield was obtained by Immortal CL hybrid due to the higher values of yield structural elements, while the highest oil yield and oil content were reported by the hybrid Matrix CL. Hybrid InVigor 1266 CL is distinguished with the highest values of the crude protein. Seed yield and the crude protein content were negatively related. The values of the indicators 1000 seeds weight and test weight were highest by the hybrid Robot CL.

This experiment was conducted in Sharya-Duhok area, Iraqi Kurdistan region under rainfed conditions during the season of 2018-2019 to study the nodulation status, growth and yield performance of two local varieties of chickpea (Shamy and Marakshy) in relation to three different fertilizers types and methods of application i.e. bio fertilizer (Corabac G) and seed priming in super phosphate 2% and Diammonium phosphate (DAP) in addition to control treatment. The experiment was designed by Randomized complete block design with four replications. The results clearly showed significant reduction in both number and dry weight of nodules per plant in fertilizer treatment as compared to untreated (control treatment), except seed priming in super phosphate 2% as it significantly enhanced the nodule dry weight displaying non responding of chickpea to soil fertilization in regards of nodules development. However the final seedyield was not significant in the study, but its highly correlated to the above ground biomass (r =0.74**) and number of seeds per plant (r = 0.33*); Shamy variety of chickpea was superior in number of branches, number of pods and seeds per plant, while the Marakshy variety was superior in the plant height, height of lowest pod, and weight of seeds. Regarding fertilizers treatments effects, both seed priming in super phosphate and DAP fertilizer treatments were significantly surpassed in number of branches, pods and seeds per plant. Shamy variety performed better in number of branches and seeds per plant with DAP fertilizer, while Marakshy produced the same traits better in seed priming treatment. Bio-fertilizer (Corabac G) was inferior in most of the studied traits of chickpea. Accordingly, the obtained results conclude that the nodulation in chickpea not respond to the soil application of fertilizers, while positively to seed treatment (priming). The results also suggest both method of fertilization (DAP and seed priming) for improving yield related componets, but Corabac G bio fertilizer is not recommended under similar conditions.

Goal. To assess varieties and selection numbers of white fodder lupin, and to identify their genetic diversity by the main structural elements of seed productivity. Methods. Field — to assess the vegetative development of plants, the content of alkaloids in green plants, measuring and mathematical and statistical analysis — to make structural analysis with elements of seed productivity. Results. Seed yields of varieties and selection numbers of white lupin on average for 2016-2019 varied from 3.42 to 4.53 t/ha, and the weight of seeds from one plant — from 9.8 to 12.9 g. The number of beans varied from 10.7 to 15.6 pieces for a plant. In favorable weather conditions, the share of beans from the central panicles did not exceed 45%, in unfavorable years it increased to 60%. The number of seeds from the plant ranged from 38.2 to 44.6 pieces. In case of deterioration of growing conditions, most of the seeds were formed on the central panicles and reached 64% of their total number. The number of seeds in one bean averaged 3.7 pieces per plant, and on the central and lateral panicles — 4.1 and 3.3 pieces. The weight of 1000 seeds was at the level of 312 g, with seeds from the central panicles — 328 g, from the lateral — 286 g. On average for 4 years, the share of central panicles in ensuring plant productivity was 61% by weight of seeds from the plant, the number of seeds — 57, and beans — 51%, which is explained by the formation of larger seeds on the central panicles and more seeds in one bean than on the side panicles. The greatest genetic diversity of the studied selection material was found by the following traits: seed weight, number of beans and seeds from the plant, the coefficients of variation of which were 11.8%; 11.6 and 11.2% of the central panicles and 21.9%; 22.8 and 21.1% of the lateral, respectively. Less genotypic variability was found on the basis of the average number of seeds in one bean and the weight of 1000 seeds: coefficients of variation — 5.3 and 3.7% of the central and 7.8 and 4.2% of the lateral panicles. The indicators of lateral panicles revealed much greater variability compared to the central by weight of seeds and the number of beans and seeds from the plant. Conclusions. Under unfavorable growing conditions, the share of central panicles in the formation of seed productivity increased significantly. The greatest genotypic variability in the studied varieties and selection numbers was found by seed weight and number of beans and seeds from the plant.

Two field experiments were conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. The first experiment was in a naturally Orobanche- free field and the second one was in a naturally Orobanche-infested field. In each experiment sixteen F2 crosses and their parents were sown. The sixteen F2 crosses were produced by a 4 x 4 factorial mating design in F1 and selfed to give F2-crosses. The data were then analyzed using a line x tester design. The main objective of this study was to develop new promising faba bean genotypes that are able to produce high yield, resistance to foliar diseases and broomrape tolerance. Significant differences among all genotypes mean square were observed for all studied traits under both growth conditions. The parents, crosses and their interaction mean squares were detected for all traits in the two environments. The mean squares of lines were significant and/or highly significant for flowering date and 100-seed weight under both conditions, while number of pods per plant was significant under normal condition, in addition to the number of seeds per plant and broomrape dry weight per plant under infested broomrape condition were significant and highly significant, respectively. Mean squares of testers were significant for chocolate spot at the two conditions; rust disease, plant height, number of pods and seeds, seed yield per plant and 100-seed weight under normal condition. Lines x testers mean squares were significant for all traits in both conditions, except for number of branches and 100-seed weight. L1 and L4 and the parental testers T4 were considered more resistance parents to foliar diseases under both environments. The crosses; L2 x T3, L2 xT4, L3 x T2, L3 x T4 and L4 x T4 were considered resistant to foliar disease and had an earlier flowering date. The testers, T3 and T4 showed significantly the highest values of number of seeds per plant, seed yield per plant and 100-seed weight under both conditions, while the crosses; L3 x T4 and L4 x T4 had the highest values for seed yield per plant and 100-seed weight under both conditions. The parental L2 and T4 were considered good combiners for chocolate spot and rust diseases under both environmental conditions, while L1 and T4 performed as good combiner parents for number of seeds and seed yield per plant. The cross; L2x T3 performed as good specific combiner cross for foliar diseases under both conditions. The crosses; L2x T3, L3xT4, L3 x T1and L4 x T4 had highly significant (sij) values for the No. of seeds and seed yield per plant under infested soil condition. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values ranged from 5.52% to 84.01% and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) values ranged from 3.18% to 79.21%. Broad-sense heritability (H) ranged from 72.98% to 99.29%, and narrow sense heritability (h2) ranged from 2.3% to 21.38%. Expected genetic advance (Ga) ranged from 0.03 to 0.71, and predicted genetic advance (Ga%) ranged from 8.21% to 10.86%.

This Research was conducted on the BSP (Balai Seed Parent) Tanjung Selamat land on Jl. Education with an altitude of ± 25 meters above sea level. This Research uses a Split Plot Design (SPD) using 2 factors. The aim is to determine soybean plants' response to KCl fertilizer doses. The main plot is Variety (V), which consists of V1 = Anjasmoro and V2 = Grobogan. Subplots are KCl fertilizer (P), which consists of P0 = Without KCl fertilizer, P1 = 100 kg/ha KCl (9.6 g/plot), P2 = 200 kg/ha KCl (19.2 g/plot), and P3 = 400 kg/ha KCl (38.4 g/plot). The results showed that the treatment of soybean varieties significantly affected plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, weight of seeds per plant, and weight of seeds per plot. Providing KCl fertilizer significantly affected plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, and seed weight per plot. The interaction between Variety and KCl fertilizer dose had no significant effect on plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, and seed weight per plot.

The study examined the differences between 10 accessions of common bean and cowpea during the vegetation period. Different stages of development and elements of yield were analysed in the climatic conditions of Sadovo (Bulgaria), which is characterised by hot summers and insufficient rainfalls. All genotypes were planted in the second 10 days of April. They emerged 10-15 days after sowing. The flowering stage occurred after 28-34 days in common bean and 45-60 days in cowpea. The vegetation period duration was much longer in cowpea (over 98 days) than in the common bean (less then 80 days). The reproductive organs (number of pods and seeds per plant, size of pods and seeds, weight of pods and seeds per plant) were quite different for the two crops. The mean number of pods per plant was 8.84 in common beans and 13.22 for cowpea; the number of seeds per pod was 4.05 for beans 10.56 for cowpea; the number of seeds per plant was 25.65 for beans and 93.47 for cowpea. The bean seeds were larger than the cowpea seeds, with 100-seed weights of 41.86 g and 15.73 g, respectively. Under the climatic conditions of Sadovo, the cowpea accessions showed a more stable yield, resulting in more pods and seeds per plant and weight of seeds per plant, when compared with common bean accessions.

The aim and tasks of the study. The research was aimed at studying genetic variability and heritability for various traits of winter pea, which may contribute to selection of genotypes for further breeding programs.Materials and methods. The investigations were carried out at the Institute of Forage Crops (Pleven, Bulgaria) in 2011-2012. The starting materials was eight genotypes - No 58 (Fenn x Pleven 4), No 57 (Fenn x Pleven 4), No 9 (Fenn x Usatyy 90), No 6 (Mir x Kharkovskiy Etalonnyy), No 12A (Mir x Rezonator), No 10 (Kerpo x Mir), No 14 (Pleven 10 x Usatyy 90). Variety ‘Mir’ served as the standard. The plot area was 2 m2 in three replicas. Structural elements of productivity were analyzed for 10 plants. The growing season length was also determined.Statistical processing was performed using analysis of variance (DL Vandev) and hierarchical cluster analysis (JH Ward). The heritability in broad sense was determined by the I. Mahmud and HH Kramer’s formula; the coefficients of genotypic and phenotypic variation - by the M. Fikreselassie’s formula.Results and discussion. Analysis of variance confirmed significant differences for all parameters, except for ‘seed weight per plant’. Small differences were observed between the coefficients of genotypic and phenotypic variation for the traits of ‘plant height’, ‘pod number per plant’ and ‘seed number per pod’. This suggests that the variability of these traits is linked to genetic factors. For ‘1000-seed weight’, variability is due to environmental factors.High coefficients of heritability in broad sense were obtained for the growing season length (98%), plant height (62%), pod number per plant (42%), and 1000-seed weight (42%). These data do not partially tally with other investigators’ ones, which may indicate that the heritability coefficients are valid only for a given population under given conditions. The centroid method determined that line No 10 was low adaptable by the pod and seeds numbers per plant; line No 57 - by seed weight and plant biomass. Line No 6 was noticeable for high adaptability by the pod seed numbers per plant and growing season length.Conclusions. Analysis of variance showed significant differences between genotypes for all traits, except for ‘seed weight per plant’. The results of analyzing the coefficient of variation showed that genotypic variability determines the growing season length. All the test traits, except for ‘seed number per pod’ and ‘seed weight per plant’ were found to have high coefficients of genotypic variability. This means that these traits can be improved via selection.Line No 6 (Mir/Kharkovkiy Etalonnyy) excelled at high adaptability by the pod and seed numbers per plant and growing season length.

The aim and tasks of the study. The research was aimed at studying genetic variability and heritability for various traits of winter pea, which may contribute to selection of genotypes for further breeding programs.Materials and methods. The investigations were carried out at the Institute of Forage Crops (Pleven, Bulgaria) in 2011-2012. The starting materials was eight genotypes - No 58 (Fenn x Pleven 4), No 57 (Fenn x Pleven 4), No 9 (Fenn x Usatyy 90), No 6 (Mir x Kharkovskiy Etalonnyy), No 12A (Mir x Rezonator), No 10 (Kerpo x Mir), No 14 (Pleven 10 x Usatyy 90). Variety ‘Mir’ served as the standard. The plot area was 2 m2 in three replicas. Structural elements of productivity were analyzed for 10 plants. The growing season length was also determined.Statistical processing was performed using analysis of variance (DL Vandev) and hierarchical cluster analysis (JH Ward). The heritability in broad sense was determined by the I. Mahmud and HH Kramer’s formula; the coefficients of genotypic and phenotypic variation - by the M. Fikreselassie’s formula.Results and discussion. Analysis of variance confirmed significant differences for all parameters, except for ‘seed weight per plant’. Small differences were observed between the coefficients of genotypic and phenotypic variation for the traits of ‘plant height’, ‘pod number per plant’ and ‘seed number per pod’. This suggests that the variability of these traits is linked to genetic factors. For ‘1000-seed weight’, variability is due to environmental factors.High coefficients of heritability in broad sense were obtained for the growing season length (98%), plant height (62%), pod number per plant (42%), and 1000-seed weight (42%). These data do not partially tally with other investigators’ ones, which may indicate that the heritability coefficients are valid only for a given population under given conditions. The centroid method determined that line No 10 was low adaptable by the pod and seeds numbers per plant; line No 57 - by seed weight and plant biomass. Line No 6 was noticeable for high adaptability by the pod seed numbers per plant and growing season length.Conclusions. Analysis of variance showed significant differences between genotypes for all traits, except for ‘seed weight per plant’. The results of analyzing the coefficient of variation showed that genotypic variability determines the growing season length. All the test traits, except for ‘seed number per pod’ and ‘seed weight per plant’ were found to have high coefficients of genotypic variability. This means that these traits can be improved via selection.Line No 6 (Mir/Kharkovkiy Etalonnyy) excelled at high adaptability by the pod and seed numbers per plant and growing season length.

Coconut water can increase the growth and yield of plants because itcontains plant growth regulator (PGR): auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin, vitamin, and mineral.The research was carried out to know: 1) the effect of coconut water concentrations on the growth and yield of mungbean and 2) concentration of coconut water that provide the best growth and yield of mungbean. The experiment was conducted during three months, from September until November 2017, located in Samarinda.The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) wasa single factor experiment, concentration of coconut water, consisted of four treatments: 0; 20; 40; and 60% of coconut water and each treatment was replicated six times. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (anova) and continued by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at significantlevel of 5%.Variables that observed were plant height, number of branches, number of pods, number of seeds, number of unfilled pods, weight of filled pods, andweight of seedsper plant.The result showed that the effect of coconut water concentrations was highly significant on plant height at 4, 6 weeks and at harvest time, number of pods, number of seeds, weight of filled pods, and weight of seeds per plant,howeveritwas significantly different on plant height at 2 weeks and number of branches, and it was no significantly different on number of unfilled pods. The best growth and yield of mungbean obtained by concentration 40% of coconut water.

Twenty-four (24) accessions of seven (7) legumes were planted to determine the relationship in their Agro-morphology and to estimate the heritability of plant character, using Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The experiment was carried out at Teaching and Research Farms, Federal university of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Collection of data was carried out on plant height, stem girth, leaf length, leaf breadth, stem colour, flower colour, leaf shape, 100-seed weight, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod and pod length. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of variance, inter-character association among the plant characters evaluated was determined using Pearson coefficient correlation analysis, while relatedness was done using dengrogram. Data analyses show significant effect among all the legumes indicating that there is possibility for selection. All plant characters evaluated show high heritability with genotypic variance higher than environmental effect. Number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod were negatively correlated with all traits studied. Hundred seed weight was positively correlated with all traits studied except seedling emergence and number of pods per plant. The linkage clusters shows similarities at various percentage among the twenty-four accessions. All the accessions were distinct from each other at 0.0, while at a distance of 0.50 levels they formed four clusters. Legumes with high yield potential can be considered for selection, while characters with high heritability estimate can be used as criteria for selection during breeding programs. Accessions TVR-28, TVR-39 and TVR-86 with high number of seed per pod and TVA-1 and TVA-2 for pods per plant could be considered during selection and further breeding work. Keywords: Legumes, diversity, relatedness, dendogram

Effects of micronutrients [molybdenum (Mo), boron (B), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu)] on seed yield and yield components (seed yield per unit area, fertile shoots per unit area, number of racemes per shoot, number of pods per raceme, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight) of alfalfa were investigated in the northwest region of China, over two seasons (2003–2004) on a torrifluvent soil and a site of 1720 m altitude. After two years study, it demonstrated that molybdenum and boron were more critical for alfalfa seed production. Molybdenum increased seed yield by 27–47%, the number of racemes per shoot by 38–55%, the number of pods per raceme by 100–133%, the number of seeds per pod by 48–61% and 1000-seed weight by 24%, and boron increased seed yield by 22–35%, fertile shoots per unit area by 17–35%, the number of racemes per shoot by 38–64%, the number of pods per raceme by 100%, the number of seeds per pod by 41–52% and 1000-seed weight by 16%. Iron, manganese, and copper had any effect on yield components, but they had no effect on seed yield. Zinc had no positive effect on seed yield and yield components. Among seed yield components, the number of pods per raceme was the most important factor to determine alfalfa seed yield. Results from this study will be used to recommend further evaluation of molybdenum and boron across a number of environments around the world and as a basis for developing recommendations to the alfalfa seed production industry.

The present investigation was carried out at the Department of Vegetable Science, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur-208002 (UP) during the Rabi season of 2021- 22. During the study, the analysis of correlation and path coefficients for 39 genotypes of French bean in a randomized block design revealed significant differences for all 9 characters, justifying their suitability for selection and genetic improvement. Correlation analysis at both genotypic and phenotypic levels showed that grain yield per plant had highly significant positive associations with 100-seed weight, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, days to maturity, and days to 50% flowering, indicating their strong influence on productivity. Path coefficient analysis further confirmed that 100-seed weight exerted the highest positive direct effect on grain yield, followed by days to maturity, pod length, number of seeds per pod, and number of pods per plant, highlighting their importance in selection strategies. The indirect effects of several traits via 100-seed weight, days to maturity, and number of seeds per pod also contributed substantially to yield enhancement. These findings suggest that direct selection for 100-seed weight, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, and days to maturity would be effective in improving seed yield in French bean. The results are consistent with previous studies and reaffirm the utility of these traits as reliable indicators for genetic advancement in breeding programs.