Research on Smart Contract Verification and Generation Method Based on BPMN

A company must maintain the stability of its business processes. To ensure smooth business operations, one approach is to enhance competitive quality for consumers. Maintaining consumer trust can be achieved by ensuring the stability of quality products and fast service. This study was conducted at PT. Dwi Putra Manunggal, located in Malang Regency, East Java. The company faces inefficiencies in its distribution process, causing delays in getting products to consumers. To improve business processes, an analysis using the Business Process Improvement (BPI) method can be performed. BPI is used to find solutions to ongoing business process issues. To evaluate and implement improvements, modeling notation written in Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) can be used, providing stakeholders with an overview of the business process improvements made. By using BPMN notation, the actual (as-is) and recommended (to-be) business process simulations and models can be identified. As a result, PT. Dwi Putra Manunggal's business processes need improvement through BPI, with several parts of the business process requiring simplification. The simplification, simulated and modeled using BPMN, results in a minimum time of 7 hours, a maximum time of 13 hours, and an average time of 13 hours and 10 minutes.A company must maintain the stability of its business processes. To ensure smooth business operations, one approach is to enhance competitive quality for consumers. Maintaining consumer trust can be achieved by ensuring the stability of quality products and fast service. This study was conducted at PT. Dwi Putra Manunggal, located in Malang Regency, East Java. The company faces inefficiencies in its distribution process, causing delays in getting products to consumers. To improve business processes, an analysis using the Business Process Improvement (BPI) method can be performed. BPI is used to find solutions to ongoing business process issues. To evaluate and implement improvements, modeling notation written in Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) can be used, providing stakeholders with an overview of the business process improvements made. By using BPMN notation, the actual (as-is) and recommended (to-be) business process simulations and models can be identified. As a result, PT. Dwi Putra Manunggal's business processes need improvement through BPI, with several parts of the business process requiring simplification. The simplification, simulated and modeled using BPMN, results in a minimum time of 7 hours, a maximum time of 13 hours, and an average time of 13 hours and 10 minutes.Keywords: BPI, BPMN, Modeling and Simulation, Distribution

Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) is applied to manage business processes. Currently, business processes are becoming more complex with increasing conditions. As a result, it is highly difficult to manage activities and decision-making in business processes. However, BPMN still cannot handle the decision-making in business processes. Object management group (OMG) created Decision Model and Notation (DMN) to complement BPMN and to manage the decision-making of business processes. In software development process, creating a business process model can occur earlier during requirement gathering. However, a tester can generate test cases to verify accuracy of information in the business process. Previously, many researchers have focused on BPMN test cases generation. None of their studies has been conducted on the creation of BPMN test cases with DMN. Consequently, this paper proposes an approach to generate test cases from BPMN with DMN. BPMN along with DMN, paths traverse from the entry to the exit of the BPMN, and existing test cases are inputs of our approach. BPMN, DMN, and existing test cases are analyzed to check whether they cover all rules in the DMN. In case that all rules are not covered, new test cases will be generated. This paper proposes an approach to generate test cases cover all rules in the DMN to effective monitoring BPMN with DMN. This approach is used to check the rules within the DMN decision table without affecting BPMN process. It ensures the business processes are implemented correctly.

Development of blockchain smart contracts is more difficult than mainstream software development, because the underlying blockchain infrastructure poses additional complexity. To ease the developer's task of writing smart contract, we use Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) modeling to describe application requirements for trade of goods and services and then transform automatically the BPMN model into the methods of a smart contract. In our previous research, we described our approach and a tool to Transform Automatically BPMN models into Smart contracts (TABS). In this article, we describe how the TABS approach is augmented with the support for a BPMN trade transaction that is a collaboration by several actors. Our approach analyzes the BPMN model to determine which patterns in the BPMN model are suitable for use as trade transactions and show those patterns to the developer who decides which ones should be deployed as trade transactions. We describe how our approach automatically transforms the BPMN model into a smart contract that provides a transaction mechanism to enforce the transactional properties of the nested transactions. Our approach greatly reduces the developer's task as synchronization of collaborative activities is provided by our approach, so that the developer needs to code only isolated tasks with well-defined inputs and outputs. We also overview the TABS+ tool we built as a proof of concept to show that our approach is feasible, and we provide estimates on the cost of supporting the nested trade transactions.

Business process modelling is one of the major aspects in the modern information system development. Recently business process model and notation (BPMN) has become a standard technique to support this activity. Typically the BPMN notations are used to understand enterprise's business processes. However, limited work exists regarding how security concerns are addressed during the management of the business processes. This is a problem, since both business processes and security should be understood in parallel to support a development of the secure information systems. In the previous work we have analysed BPMN with respect to the domain model of the IS security risk management (ISSRM) and showed how the language constructs could be aligned to the concepts of the ISSRM domain model. In this paper the authors propose the BPMN extensions for security risk management based on the BPMN alignment to the ISSRM concepts. We illustrate how the extended BPMN could express assets, risks and risk treatment on few running examples related to the Internet store regarding the asset confidentiality, integrity and availability. Our proposal would allow system analysts to understand how to develop security requirements to secure important assets defined through business processes. The paper opens the possibility for business and security model interoperability and the model transformation between several modelling approaches (if these both are aligned to the ISSRM domain model).

Business process modeling is one of the main tools of the BPM (Business Process Management) concept. With the help of business process modeling, business scenarios can be presented in the form of graphical models that can be easily understood by both information technology (IT) professionals and non-IT professionals – business analysts, software customers, department heads, top managers, and other stakeholders interested in business process improvement. Business process improvement is usually done through the automation of activities, which were identified as “bottlenecks” after analysis. However, it is possible to analyze a business process model only if it is clear and correct in terms of compliance with both the notation used and the real business process it depicts. This paper considers the analysis of BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation) business process model structural measures. It is assumed that business process models, which by their structural features violate rules of business process modeling, are neither understandable nor suitable for further work with them, which also can lead to various errors occurring at the stage of business process analysis, as well as at the stage of its improvement and implementation of proposed changes, i.e., during development, testing and maintenance of distinct software components, information system modules or BPM-system scenarios that ensure business process execution. Therefore, in this paper, we propose to identify the main elements of BPMN business process models and their structural measures that affect models’ understandability and maintainability and could be sources of errors. Considering selected measures, it is proposed to calculate respective values for a large collection of BPMN business process models, and then study compliance with theoretical business process modeling guidelines on practice when real business process models are designed. In order to provide efficient storage and processing of a large collection of BPMN business process models data, there were developed a database, and a software component. Results of analysis of BPMN business process model structural measures obtained using developed database and software component are demonstrated and discussed. The conclusion is made, as well as future research directions in this field are formulated.

Technology always bring opportunities to business process to evolve. This paper aims to approach blockchain technology using Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN). Hyperledger composer is one of the tools to make blockchain. Our study includes three Hyperledger composer concepts (assets, participants and transactions) and smart contract concept. This paper elaborates our past work on microservices in reservation-based parking system as our case study and focus in mapping BPMN to the three Hyperledger composer concepts mentioned above. Our finding includes identification of assets, participants and transactions with smart contract incorporation in our case study. The results also show BPMN pools and tasks changes. We present these changes in comparison table and revised BPMN diagram.

Business process modelling is one of the major aspects in the modern system development. Recently business process model and notation (BPMN) has become a standard technique to support this activity. Although BPMN is a good approach to understand business processes, there is a limited work to understand how it could deal with business security and security risk management. This is a problem, since both business processes and security concerns should be understood in parallel to support a development of the secure systems. In this paper we analyse BPMN with respect to the domain model of the IS security risk management (ISSRM). We apply a structured approach to understand key aspects of BPMN and how modeller could express secure assets, risks and risk treatment using BPMN. We align the main BPMN constructs with the key concepts of the ISSRM domain model. We show applicability of our approach on a running example related to the Internet store. Our proposal would allow system analysts to understand how to develop security requirements to secure important assets defined through business processes. In addition we open a possibility for the business and security model interoperability and the model transformation between several modelling approaches (if these both are aligned to the ISSRM domain model).KeywordsBusiness process model and notation (BPMN)Security risk managementAlignment of modelling languagesInformation systems

Business process modelling is one of the major aspects in the modern information system development. Recently business process model and notation (BPMN) has become a standard technique to support this activity. Typically the BPMN notations are used to understand enterprise's business processes. However, limited work exists regarding how security concerns are addressed during the management of the business processes. This is a problem, since both business processes and security should be understood in parallel to support a development of the secure information systems. In the previous work we have analysed BPMN with respect to the domain model of the IS security risk management (ISSRM) and showed how the language constructs could be aligned to the concepts of the ISSRM domain model. In this paper the authors propose the BPMN extensions for security risk management based on the BPMN alignment to the ISSRM concepts. We illustrate how the extended BPMN could express assets, risks and risk treatment on few running examples related to the Internet store regarding the asset confidentiality, integrity and availability. Our proposal would allow system analysts to understand how to develop security requirements to secure important assets defined through business processes. The paper opens the possibility for business and security model interoperability and the model transformation between several modelling approaches (if these both are aligned to the ISSRM domain model).

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a business process management system in which integrated applications are used to manage business processes in a shared data environment. ERP systems usually deal with the two types of business processes, i.e., exchange and conversion. In the exchange process, economic resource, such as product, exchanges to another economic resource, such as the sales process. In a conversion process, an enterprise consumes resources in order to produce new resources, such as the distribution process. Generally, the communication between ERP applications, based on the conversion and exchange processes, is accomplished through Web services. In this context, the implementation of Web services in ERP systems is a complex task. To manage this, the business process model and notation (BPMN) are frequently utilized to simplify the development of ERP applications. However, state-of-the-art BPMN approaches usually deal with the modeling of exchange processes without considering the conversion process. Furthermore, the model transformation solution to automatically generate Web services from the BPMN models are hard to find in the literature. Therefore, in this paper, a novel framework is proposed that supports the modeling of both exchanges as well as conversion processes through BPMN. Particularly, a modeling approach is introduced to represent the ERP processes through BPMN concepts. Subsequently, the rules are developed to convert source BPMN models into target Service-oriented architecture Modeling Language (SoaML) models. Finally, transformation rules are developed to generate fully functional executable Java Web services from SoaML models. As a part of the research, a complete open-source BPMN to Web services transformation (B2W) tool is developed to automatically generate the Web services from the high-level BPMN models. The proposed framework is validated through multiple case studies. The experimental results prove that the proposed framework accurately generates Web services from the BPMN models, which eventually helps in developing the ERP systems with simplicity.

Scalability, privacy, and interoperability are some of the major issues receiving attention in research on blockchain technologies. We concentrate on the trade finance vertical for which we develop a new modeling approach with the objective of automatic transformation of an application, represented using Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), into a smart contract deployed on a blockchain. Here, we describe how the BPMN model is transformed into a multimodal model that combines DE-HSM modeling. We provide a high-level overview of the method and review how BPMN categories of elements are transformed into a multi-modal DE-HSM model. We also describe briefly how the DE-FMS model is automatically transformed into deployable smart contracts that interact to form a distributed application: The smart contract deployed on the main blockchain coordinates activities amongst the business partners and interoperates with smart contracts, also automatically prepared and deployed on a sidechain(s), with one smart contract per individual business partner. Privacy is obtained by performing activities, which are not germane to the collaboration with the other business partners but deal with the private activities of the individual business partner, in a smart contract deployed and executed on a side chain. We thus provide for interoperability of smart contracts and privacy as private activities of a business partner are performed in a smart contract on a private sidechain.

This paper presents a comprehensive Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) methodology for automatically transforming Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) diagrams into executable blockchain-based smart contracts. The proposed approach defines a set of Atlas Transformation Language (ATL) rules that systematically map BPMN elements to Solidity con-structs, ensuring semantic consistency and traceability through-out the transformation process. The framework integrates several stages, including process modeling, model validation, code generation, and deployment, supported by tools such as Camunda, Eclipse ATL, Remix IDE, and MetaMask. Experimental vali-dation on the Ethereum Sepolia test network demonstrates the approach’s ability to enhance automation, reduce manual coding errors, and improve synchronization between business work-flows and their on-chain implementations. Compared to existing BPMN-to-blockchain frameworks, the proposed solution offers a unified and reusable transformation pipeline that bridges the gap between business process modeling and blockchain execution. The study concludes that MDE provides a scalable, traceable, and standardized foundation for developing decentralized business process applications.

In the software maintenance, business process models help practitioners understanding of the software, because it represents the organisational process in which software is embedded. BPMN (Business Process Modelling and Notation) is the standard notation for business process modelling. However, it is common for the BPMN diagrams to be outdated, which, among other possibilities, may be caused due to the lack of adequate knowledge of some practitioners about the notation. It is important to provide means to stimulate the evolution of these models and, consequently, to aid in the learning of BPMN notation. With this focus, the authors proposed and evaluated the e‐VOL BPMN, a technique that supports the evolution and the learning of BPMN diagrams. In this evaluation, they compared e‐VOL BPMN with the BPMN 2.0 Poster, an artefact used commonly to support BPMN notation in companies. Participants who used the e‐VOL BPMN in a scenario of diagrams evolution presented more correct BPMN diagrams and had a higher learning perception of the notation. In addition, in a written exam on BPMN notation, participants who used e‐VOL BPMN scored higher. From these results, they notice that e‐VOL BPMN support both evolution and learning of BPMN diagrams.

A metamodel to integrate business processes time perspective in BPMN 2.0

BACKGROUND Healthcare systems are increasingly confronted with the challenge of managing complex clinical processes. One proposed solution is a patient-centered management intervention called a care pathway that needs process mapping to support process improvement. Although the adoption and use of Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) for modeling patient healthcare trajectories has increased, evidence of the benefits of implementing it in healthcare organization management systems are still unclear. OBJECTIVE This review sought to examine effectiveness by mapping evidence of implementation factors linking intended purpose to expected or demonstrated outcomes. METHODS A systematic review of the use of BPMN for modeling patient care trajectories was conducted across Medline (Ovid), Embase (Embase.com), Academic Search Premier, ABI/Inform (ProQuest), Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We followed the Cochrane Methods Group and the PRISMA guidelines. Quality appraisal was performed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Data were charted using a customized form and were analyzed thematically with both qualitative and semi-quantitative syntheses. RESULTS After screening, 53 studies were included. Our findings suggest that BPMN offers significant benefits in healthcare. Its use allows healthcare professionals to gain a comprehensive understanding of patient care pathways, making it easier to identify inefficiencies and areas for improvement. The definition of processes ensures that workflows remain consistent across different settings, thereby reducing variation and improving the quality of care. Several studies have demonstrated BPMN’s effectiveness in process optimization, highlighting its ability to streamline workflows, reduce redundancies, and enhance operational efficiency. Moreover, when integrated with decision-support tools, BPMN enhances clinical decision-making by enabling better adherence to guidelines and best practices. Another important advantage is BPMN’s interoperability with existing healthcare IT standards, such as HL7, which facilitates seamless integration with EHRs and other digital health systems. However, in a managerial perspective, users must also carefully weigh the trade-offs between BPMN’s benefits and its limitations, particularly in highly complex healthcare settings. Despite advantages, several challenges persist, including issues related to scalability, integration with advanced decision-making frameworks and the complexity of modeling dynamic healthcare environments. While BPMN is a widely adopted modeling approach, alternative methodologies offer complementary or competing advantages, such as Petri Nets, UML or Business Process Execution Language. Therefore, there are several opportunities for enhancing BPMN’s applicability in healthcare, such as the creation of domain-specific BPMN extensions or the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into BPMN models. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights BPMN’s potential as a valuable tool for modeling patient healthcare trajectories. Its ability to standardize and optimize processes makes it a promising framework for improving clinical and operational efficiency. However, trade-offs between benefits and limits of BPMN characterized its implementation in patient care trajectories, giving rise to opportunities for the development and integration of new tools. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060357

Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) is a standard graphical notation for modeling complex business processes. Given the importance of business processes, the modeling analysis and validation stage for BPMN is essential. In recent years, BPMN notation has become a widespread practice in business process modeling because of these intuitive diagrams. BPMN diagrams are built from basic elements. The major challenge of BPMN diagrams is the lack of formal semantics, which leads to several interpretations of the concerned diagrams. Hence, this work aims to propose an approach for checking BPMN collaboration diagrams to guarantee some properties of smooth functioning of systems modeled by BPMN notation. The verification approach used in this work is based on model checking techniques. The approach proposes as a first step a formal semantics of the collaboration diagrams in terms of the formal language DD-LOTOS, i.e., a phase of the transformation of collaboration diagrams into DD-LOTOS. This transformation is guided by applying the inference rules of the formal semantics of the DD-LOTOS formal language, and we then use the UPPAAL model checker to check the absence of deadlock, safety properties, and liveness properties.