Abstract
This research investigated the ability of two materials, which are waste generated during water treatment and wastewater treatment, to remove phosphates from water. The selected materials were quartz sand used in drinking water treatment plants (OQS) and incinerated (600 °C) sewage sludge (ISS). The materials were chosen for their composition: both contain aluminium, iron, and calcium. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory (in batch and in columns stand). Modelling of the sorption processes was performed on the basis of results from experiments in batches. The maximum adsorption capacity of the OQS was 1.14 mg/g obtained using the linearized Langmuir model and the maximum adsorption capacity of the ISS was 0.86 mg/g for the linearized Langmuir model (in batch). A pseudo-first-order model obtained using a nonlinear fit can accurately explain phosphate adsorption kinetics using both adsorbents: OQS and ISS. During the column filtration experiment, a higher sorption capacity of the ISS filter media was achieved −2.1 mg of phosphate phosphorus per gram of filter media. The determined adsorption capacity of the investigated materials was average, but the reuse of this waste would help to solve the issues of the circular economy.
Highlights
Untreated, or insufficiently treated, wastewater pollutes the natural environment: soil, lakes, rivers or other water bodies, groundwater [1,2,3]
The higher values of the determination coefficient (R2 ) and lower values for average relative error (ARE) were determined for the incinerated (600 ◦C) sewage sludge (ISS) adsorbent compared to the OQS
For this type of adsorbent, we concluded that the nonlinear Langmuir model showed the best fit to the experimental data (R2 = 0.98), ARE = 4.1%
Summary
Insufficiently treated, wastewater pollutes the natural environment: soil, lakes, rivers or other water bodies, groundwater [1,2,3]. Conventional (biological) treatment methods allow efficient removal of organic matter from wastewater, but the removal efficiency of phosphorus compounds is only 20–40%. Phosphorus is used in biochemical processes of activated sludge, but this biological removal is influenced by various parameters of wastewater: the content of organic matter, the content of volatile fatty acids, the concentration of cations, the content of phosphorus compounds, the pH of wastewater, and the ratio of nutrients to microorganisms [5]. Phosphates can be precipitated in wastewater by Processes 2022, 10, 412 so it is difficult to remove phosphorus by conventional mechanical cleaning. Phosphates can be precipitated in wastewater by the insertion of at least one of the three metal ions that form lowsoluble phosphates. These metals are divalent calcium, divalent or trivalent iron, and trithe insertion of at [9,13,14,15,16]
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