Abstract
Research and development (R&D) as part of public policy in Britain, France and Germany has developed in parallel with nation-building, industrialization, colonization and wars. However there are important differences in the way this sector has been organized and managed in the three countries in relation to the role played by public authorities, the degree of autonomy of R&D institutions, and the qualifications and organization of the research profession.KeywordsHigh Education InstitutionPublic AuthorityInternational Thermonuclear Experimental ReactorPublic Research InstituteGerman Research CouncilThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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