Reproduction in Anthelia glauca (Octocorallia: Xeniidae). II. Transmission of algal symbionts during planular brooding

Abstract

The soft coral Anthelia glauca Lamarck, 1816, of the family Xeniidae, is found on the reefs of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Its gastrodermal cells contain numerous endosymbiotic unicellular algae (zooxanthellae). A. glauca is a gonochoric species that simultaneously broods its planulae within the pharyngeal cavity of the polyps. Symbiotic algae appear with zygote formation within the pharynx, embedded in amorphous material. The algal cells adhere to the ciliated ectodermal surface of immature planulae and are most probably endocytosed by them. Zooxanthellae are translocated towards the basal part of the ectoderm. Gaps are subsequently opened in the mesoglea into which symbionts surrounded by ectodermally derived material, including plasma membrane, pass. The basal membrane of endodermal cells disintegrates, and the algae bulge into spaces formed in the underlying endoderm. Throughout the process, each zooxanthella resides within a vacuolar membrane in the detached ectodermal cytoplasm. The acquisition process is essentially one in which zooxanthellae are translocated from the pharyngeal cavity into the ectoderm and then through the mesoglea into the endoderm, culminating in the final symbiotic state. The direct transmission of symbiotic algae to the eggs or larvae probably provides the most efficient means whereby zooxanthellae are acquired by the host progeny.