Reporting Saudi Economic Developments in Middle East TV News Media

Campaign Advertisements Versus Television News as Sources of Political Issue Information

Following a nationwide switch to a generic antidepressant, a series of negative media stories publicised the experiences of some patients having side effects following the switch. This occurred first in print media and five months later it occurred again in television news. In this study we examined the effect of television news stories compared to print stories on adverse drug reaction reporting. We also examined the change in reporting rate of specific side effects mentioned in the TV news bulletins. Using an interrupted time series analysis of data from a national adverse reactions database, we compared the number of adverse reaction reports after the print and television coverage and the changes in reporting rate of side effects mentioned and not mentioned in TV news stories. We found a significant increase in adverse reaction reports following TV news items that discussed patients' reports of side effects following the medication switch (interruption effect = 73.25, p = .046). The reporting rate of symptoms mentioned in the TV news bulletins also increased, in particular suicidal thoughts (interruption effect = 23.60, p = .031). The effect of TV stories on adverse reaction reports was 211% greater than the print articles. Television stories have a much stronger effect than print media on nocebo responding and specific symptoms mentioned in the bulletins have a direct influence on the type of side effects subsequently reported. Media guidelines should be developed to reduce the negative public health effects of media coverage following medication switches.

Media Evolution on the Eve of the Arab Spring brings together some of the most celebrated and respected names in Arab media research to reflect on the communication conditions that preceded and made t

Is the news media merely a tool for those already interested in politics, or can the news media stimulate interest in politics? While the news media likely serve both functions, little research has examined these dual functions and how television, print, and online news media differ in their performance of these functions. I use simultaneous equation modeling of 3-wave panel data from the American National Election Study (2008–2009) to examine the roles of different media in both stimulating and reinforcing political interest. The findings demonstrate that television news is a tool for those with prior interest in politics, more than a mechanism to influence levels of political interest. In contrast, online and print news can stimulate political interest to a greater degree than these media serve those with prior political interest. These differing relationships to political interest are explained in terms of the effort and attention required to use these news sources, their information-sharing capabilities, and their diversity of content.

For the general public, the news media are an important source of information about climate change. They have significant potential to influence public understanding and perceptions of the issue. Television news, because of its visual immediacy and authoritative presentation, is likely to be particularly influential. Numerous studies have shown that television news can affect public opinion directly and indirectly through processes such as agenda setting and framing. Moreover, even in a fragmented media environment largely dominated by online communication, television remains a prominent medium through which citizens follow news about science issues. Given this, scholars over the last several decades have endeavored to map the content of television news reporting on climate change and its effects on public opinion and knowledge. Results from this research suggest that journalists’ adherence to professional norms such as balance, novelty, dramatization, and personalization, along with economic pressures and sociopolitical influences, have produced inaccuracies and distortions in television news coverage of climate change. For example, content analyses have found that U.S. network television news stories tend to over-emphasize dramatic impacts and imagery, conflicts between political groups and personalities, and the uncertainty surrounding climate science and policy. At the same time, those skeptical of climate change have been able to exploit journalists’ norms of balance and objectivity to amplify their voices in television coverage of climate change. In particular, the increasingly opinionated 24-hour cable news networks have become a megaphone for ideological viewpoints on climate change. In the United States, a coordinated climate denial movement has used Fox News to effectively spread its message discrediting climate science. Coverage on Fox News is overwhelmingly dismissive of climate change and disparaging toward climate science and scientists. Coverage on CNN and MSNBC is more accepting of climate change; however, while MSNBC tends to vilify the conservative opposition to climate science and policy, and occasionally exaggerates the impacts of climate change, CNN sends more mixed signals. Survey and experimental analyses indicate that these trends in television news coverage of climate change have important effects on public opinion and may, in particular, fuel confusion and apathy among the general U.S. public and foster opinion extremity among strong partisans.

As we all know, the recent decade is the golden age of Yantai cultural and creative industries to fl ourish.S ince the booming of Internet in Yantai, the survival and development of local traditional media of Yantai has become a hot topic.And with the development of mobile Internet and the popularization of mobile smart terminal, the transformation of Yantai local traditional media and integrative development of old and new media have aroused more and more concern and attention.However, some of the traditional media are still struggling to seek the direction and path of transformation and integrative development Yantai local traditional media, while some small and medium-sized media that believe the market environment is poor with hopeless transformation have been defeated firstly, parting from the best yet the worst times in the eyes of media people in advance, arousing sighing and sorrow within the industry.Therefore, corresponding strategies for resolving problems exist in integrative development of old and new media in Yantai shall be proposed according to its current situation and dilemma, and the market thinking suitable for that integrative development shall be established to better bring out media products and services with local characteristics of Yantai.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify the emergence of apparel brands in Bangladesh: their timing, order and the reasons behind the patterns. This study also examined whether these evolution patterns followed the same path in Korea and India.Design/methodology/approachBy employing secondary research method, this study gathered and analyzed data from companies, trade organizations, news media and academic articles to determine the socioeconomic backgrounds and underlying dynamics that propelled the evolution patterns. Following Jin et al.'s (2013) approach, we analyzed three types of apparel brands (international, national and private) in Bangladesh.FindingsThe findings indicated that in contrast with Korea and India, in Bangladesh (a) the emergence of international brands occurred after the national brands' appearance in the More Advanced Production of Fabric and Apparel stage, (b) national brands also emerged at the same stage and earlier than the international brands developed, and (c) internationalization of national brands and emergence of private brands were not observed. The differences in the emergent timing and order were explained by socioeconomic and cultural aspects, along with industry life cycle perspectives.Practical implicationsFindings indicate that the Bangladeshi market is dominated by national apparel brands. Therefore, international brands are advised to consider the business strategies of local competitors and develop their own pricing and merchandising strategies to maintain their supremacy as premium brands.Originality/valueThis study addressed apparel brand evolution patterns in a lower middle-income country. The results revealed some unique aspects. Unlike in other developing countries, national brand development in Bangladesh was initiated by entrepreneurs.

Over the past decade, televised news, including local, network and cable news, has experienced a continuous decline in viewership since the start of the new millennium (Barthel, 2018). Data has shown that new emerging technologies and the digital advancement of journalism powered by the Internet has created societal changes in audience viewing habits. The digitalization of local and network spaces in news has changed the traditional framework of journalism and broadcast news reporting. Generation Y and Generation Z are acknowledged for spearheading the adoption of technology and social media for news consumption, and their digital influence is also being embraced by older adults, thus forcing innovation in news to appeal to the changing landscape of mass media. This study will analyze the media systems and journalistic practices among traditional newsrooms to understand the disconnecting factors of televised news consumption among Generations Y and Z. Hybridity is a constant theme that challenges traditional television news's framework, and its exclusion is also the reason why audience viewership ratings continue to decline across all types of TV news. The concept of hybridity is simply defined as the act of bringing contradictory elements together (Bødker, 2017). In this research, interviews were conducted with US news professionals to answer the following three research questions (RQs): 1. Traditional broadcast television news outlets (local and national) exhibit a lack of concern regarding the impact of digital journalism, relying on their high credible authority. 2. News outlets are transferring outdated programming strategies from traditional platforms to digital platforms instead of innovating new solutions, including television schedules, news bulletins, video and packaging style, news anchors, presentation and language style, and limited audience interaction. 3. The lack of interest displayed by traditional broadcast news outlets in appealing to younger audiences will ultimately lead to the decline of local broadcast news. Using a qualitative research method, respondents were asked a series of questions related to newsroom operations. Qualitative research was the most efficient approach to study social relations, biographical patterns among news professionals, and in-depth responses to the inner workings of broadcast television. This type of research is a scientific method of observation to gather non-numerical data, and refers to the meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and description of things, and not to their counts or measures. This research answers why and how a certain phenomenon may occur rather than how often (Drisko, 2016). This research aided the hypothetical theories addressed in this thesis and provided new information to published works cited in the research. The results proved that a lack of digital innovation was occurring in the newsroom, partially due to the reliance on legacy name and brand, and not due to negligent concerns of digital media's effects on journalism but rather, lack of resources. The results prove that outdated programming and niche news frameworks that only translate well on television are being recycled onto online platforms. The research shows that recycling of news to online is ineffective in reaching younger audiences. On this basis, the concept of hybridity should be seriously embraced and implemented among local, network and cable news when programming content online to reconnect younger audiences to diverse mediums and increase viewership.

"With Great Power, Comes Great Responsibility"A Perspective on Wild Wild Country and Television News Footage Citation in the Epic Documentary Bill Goetz (bio) In addition to daily print, radio, and online journalism, television news captures its own first rough-draft version of history 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Often, the broadcast photographer's ability and intuition to be in the right place at the right time produce the kind of reportage that can be quite visceral, revealing the depth and complexity of human nature. Documentaries that focus on the people and events of the last seventy years—a period broadly covered by local, network, and cable television news—are regularly shown on cable networks and public television and streamed via platforms such as Netflix. Their stories, which vary widely in subject matter, are often told through excerpts from originally broadcast TV news reports and sometimes from rare caches of unedited 16mm news film and news tape footage. One of the most extensive uses of local television news footage can be seen in the recent Emmy Award–winning Netflix docuseries Wild Wild Country (2018), directed and produced by brothers Chapman and Maclain Way. Wild Wild Country is an epic documentary project in terms of both the story it tells and the time needed to watch all six episodes (6 hours 43 minutes). What cannot be seen is any citation for the many TV news organizations that originally filmed the people and events essential to production of the docuseries. Fair use may somehow permit the lack of complete attribution, but the sheer volume and the unique qualities of the footage cannot help but prompt fair questions: who was responsible for the original news reports, and where did they come from? To understand why the missing citations appear so conspicuous requires a familiarity with the story Wild Wild Country tells, an explanation of how effectively and broadly TV news clips are used, and how the news material came to be filmed and preserved. But, once elucidated, additional questions come up regarding the filmmakers' responsible and extensive use of TV news materials in a project of such enormous length and depth. Wild Wild Country is the story of Indian mystic Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh and the efforts of his disciples to transform a desolate and rugged sixty-three-thousand-acre ranch in Central Oregon into Rajneeshpuram, a town with its own housing, shopping mall, airport, restaurants, police force, sustainable farm, and huge meditation hall that could accommodate thousands. This enormous enterprise was a massive story during its time (1981–86) with intensive television coverage by reporters and photographers from the Pacific Northwest, as well as from American and foreign network TV correspondents. The Way brothers' retelling of the saga of the Bhagwan and the Rajneeshees includes not just the transformation of the Big Muddy Ranch into an innovative religious experiment and self-sustaining "utopian" community but [End Page 50] also its impact on the neighboring small town of Antelope (population forty) and its mostly retired citizens. This truth-is-stranger-than-fiction saga eventually involved conflicts with state and federal authorities, arson, assassination attempts, immigration fraud, wiretapping, and the food poisoning of 751 people in the city of The Dalles, Oregon, through the deliberate contamination of salad bars at local restaurants with salmonella. It is an epic story in its telling of land use battles, colliding cultures, spiraling mistrust, paranoia, and hostility, and of how the Rajneeshee vision of a utopia in Oregon eventually falls apart. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Wild Wild County publicity illustration. Netflix. As a Eugene, Oregon, television news [End Page 51] photographer who occasionally filmed events in Rajneeshpuram and Antelope, Oregon, between 1984 and 1986, I did experience that peculiar feeling expressed by singer-songwriter Stephen Stills: there was something happening there, and what it was was not exactly clear. To their credit, Maclain and Chapman Way have examined many facets of the Rajneeshee story and conducted revealing interviews with Antelope residents, state and federal officials, and key followers of the Bhagwan. As I watched, I found myself once again feeling as confused as I was while covering the story decades ago...

This study had two goals: to replicate research by Marilyn Roberts and Maxwell McCombs on intermedia agenda setting in a Spanish election and to explore that pattern of intermedia relationships at both the first and second levels of agenda setting. Similar to Roberts and McCombs' findings in a Texas gubernatorial election, the newspaper agenda in Spain did influence the agenda of issues in television news. At the second level of agenda setting, two agendas of descriptive attributes were examined, the substantive agenda and the affective agenda of candidate attributes. For substantive attributes, newspaper political advertising influenced both the television and newspaper news agendas. TV news, in turn, influenced the TV political advertising agenda. Examination of the affective agenda revealed mostly reciprocal relationships.

Australian legislators have expressed concern about the indifference shown by young Australians toward government (SSCEET 1988, 1991). Those educators who have taken up their call for programmes in ‘active citizenship’ must look closely at what adolescents take from TV news. TV has sometimes been blamed for popular disenchantment with politics. Such arguments have been rejected because TV news shows no anti‐institutional bias, but instead underlines the importance of government However, like any text, the meaning of TV news is polysemic and not fixed by its producers. The interviews on which this article is based show that fifteen and sixteen year olds will decode TV news in ways quite unintended by its authors. They can see suits in which male politicians are shown as signifying their affluence and distance from their own lives, or read into the ages of politicians that politics concerns old people and not them.

Many have attributed anti-American sentiment within Arab countries to a highly negative information environment propagated by transnational Arab satellite TV news channels such as Al-Jazeera. However, theoretical models and empirical evidence evaluating the linkages between media exposure and opinion about the United States remains scant. Drawing on theories of media effects, identity, and public opinion, this article develops a theoretical framework explicating how the influence of transnational Arab TV on opinion formation is contingent on competing political identities within the region. Employing 5 years of survey data collected across six Arab countries, we empirically test several propositions about the relationship between Arab TV exposure and public opinion about the United States generated by our theoretical framework. Our results demonstrate significant associations between transnational Arab TV exposure and anti-American sentiment, but also show these associations vary substantially by channel and political identification. The theoretical and policy implications of the study are discussed.

We all know the story: A decade ago, the BBC pulled the plug on its ill-fated Arabic TV joint venture with the Saudis when it turned out they didn’t quite see eye-to-eye on news values. The out-of-work staff became the nucleus of Al Jazeera’s original news team. Now the Brits are back, actively fielding resumes for a new Arabic-language channel, this one sans pesky partners. Arab Media & Society co-editor Lawrence Pintak caught up with Hosam El Sokkari, the head of the BBC’s Arabic Service and himself a veteran of both that first BBC joint venture and Al Jazeera, to discuss the BBC’s re-entry into an increasingly crowded media market. Pintak: BBC Arabic television, it is almost BBC coming full circle in the Middle East, isn’t it? El Sokkari: In a way yes. We realized back in 1994 that this is the medium of choice in the Middle East. And we wanted to be available in vision for our audiences there. However that experience was not sustainable for certain commercial reasons. And since the closure of the first BBC Arabic television we have been trying to get back into the market. Previously we did not have the money. Now we have the money. And we’re going ahead with it.

Local television news programmes in Fiji have been the most watched programmes for the entire 13-year history of broadcast television in the country. Although survey polls consistently show that television news is extremely popular, the influence it may have due to its popularity has not previously been investigated. This article is based on a study examining the influence that television news programmes have on communities in Fiji. The study shows that the influence of TV news is complex and is interwoven with cultural, economic and political contexts. Findings for the study indicate television news is not only an influential source of information, but that it is also an agenda setter for Fiji public opinion. The research conducted indicates that television news influenced people in Fiji before the 2006 general election. While this influence did not necessarily change the way people voted, it may have helped set the political agenda. Television news may not only be informing the public about forces that shape their lives, but it may be a shaping force itself.

Introduction WOMEN’S unequal access to the media is a universal concern, because negative stereotyping of women and lack of promotion for female editorial staff not only reflect wider disadvantages facing women but also help to sustain and reproduce them. This dynamic led to the inclusion of representation in and through the media and new communication technologies as one of 12 “critical areas of concern” in the Beijing Platform for Action, the agenda for women’s empowerment drawn up at the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995. As the media component of that agenda has been pursued since then, changes in the global media landscape have also proceeded apace. Transnational media corporations from developing countries have deployed satellite and cable networks to turn what was once a one-way traffic of “NorthSouth ” communication flows into a multidirectional phenomenon connecting dispersed linguistic communities all over the globe. In both developed and developing countries, some of the novelty of what were once “new” technologies of communication has worn off. What have these developments meant for media representation of women? For example, in cases where discrimination against women is embedded in legal systems and social customs, have tangible benefits resulted from activism aimed at SOCIAL RESEARCH, Vol. 69, No. 3 (Fall 2002) Seen and Starting to Be Heard: Women and the Arab Media in a Decade of Change BY NAOMI SAKR the media at a time when aspects of media production, distribution , and reception are all undergoing perceptible change? The Arab world suggests itself as a suitable focus of research into this question. Women in this region experience what Deniz Kandiyoti (2000: xiv) has called a “double jeopardy.” They are not only subject to the widespread restrictions on civic and political participation affecting both sexes, but are further denied autonomy by discriminatory “personal status laws.” Under variants of these laws, it is not women but their male guardians who have the authority to decide issues such as whether they may work or travel, or whom they may marry. History shows that structures of patriarchy were not uniform across the region before colonialism. Yet the Western model of the nation-state, complete with its gendered concepts of citizenship, became the compulsory model for Middle Eastern states emerging from colonialism, where it was imposed on already gendered systems of social stratification. The resulting “intersection” of patriarchies (Joseph and Slyomovics, 2001: 9) created a historically specific momentum of increasing control exercised over women by men, families, communities, and the state. It is beyond the scope of this paper to consider whether changes at the local and national level are combining with novel forms of transnational interconnectedness to slow or alter that momentum. Instead, the paper has a more modest but related aim. It examines developments in the Arab media and in the activism of Middle Eastern women as they relate to women’s representation in terms both of media portrayal and access to media decision making. In general there is nothing intrinsic to “new” or cross-border media that makes them more or less likely to benefit disadvantaged groups. Technology is neutral and its deployment is subject to existing structures of power. Indeed, the history of communications technology suggests that, since new technologies are introduced in response to certain social relations, we should not be surprised if their use reflects the comparative stasis of those relations (Winston, 1989: 71). Digitalization is a case in point. An 822 SOCIAL RESEARCH abundant literature points up the opportunities created for women’s advancement by new information and communication technologies (ICTs). Women at the center of experiments in networking for advocacy purposes report that the Internet can facilitate mobilization in times of crisis, along with active participation in policy debates and articulation of new perspectives. They also point out, however, that there is nothing automatic about such potential being realized. The Internet can equally be used to do the same things in the same way, “perpetuating the inequality, squelching diversity or fostering exclusivity” (Gittler, 1999: 100). Where women have used the Internet to create alternative media—in the form of e-zines, for example—they have been criticized for restricting their activism to an already committed audience (Gallagher, 2001...