Abstract
DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus encompass a range of ubiquitous and clinically important viruses, from acute pathogens to persistent tumor viruses. These viruses must co-opt nuclear processes for the benefit of the virus, whilst evading host processes that would otherwise attenuate viral replication. Accordingly, DNA viruses induce the formation of membraneless assemblies termed viral replication compartments (VRCs). These compartments facilitate the spatial organization of viral processes and regulate virus–host interactions. Here, we review advances in our understanding of VRCs. We cover their initiation and formation, their function as the sites of viral processes, and aspects of their composition and organization. In doing so, we highlight ongoing and emerging areas of research highly pertinent to our understanding of nuclear-replicating DNA viruses.
Highlights
The DNA viruses encompass a range of ubiquitous and clinically important viruses, from acute pathogens to persistent tumor viruses
These viral replication compartments (VRCs) provide a dedicated environment in which viral processes can be organized and regulated, where factors required for viral processes are enriched, and factors that would attenuate these processes are excluded
The morphological changes coincide with the formation of virus-induced post-replicative (ViPR) bodies, which are implicated in adenovirus genome packaging [78,103,176]
Summary
The DNA viruses encompass a range of ubiquitous and clinically important viruses, from acute pathogens to persistent tumor viruses Their replication occurs within the nucleus of an infected cell, utilizing host nuclear machinery and co-opting nuclear processes for the benefit of viral replication. We review advances in our understanding of VRCs of nuclear-replicating DNA viruses, covering their initiation and formation, their function as sites of viral processes, and aspects of their composition and organization. We focus on those DNA viruses that have been most studied, including members of the Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Parvoviridae, Polyomaviridae, and Papillomviridae. We highlight exciting emerging areas of research
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