Abstract
Three types of MgO-templated mesoporous carbon possessing different specific surface area and pore size distribution were modified with hydrated zirconium oxide (ZrO2·xH2O) to prepare fluoride anion (F−) adsorbents. ZrO2·xH2O was synthesized through the auto-hydrolysis of zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl2) in water under the coexistence of mesoporous carbon. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that the mesoporous carbon surfaces were coated with mainly amorphous ZrO2·xH2O. Capabilities of aqueous F− removal of the prepared adsorbents and the unmodified mesoporous carbons were compared. The F− uptake by the prepared adsorbents was larger than that observed using unmodified carbons, indicating that the F− adsorption capacity was improved through the ZrO2·xH2O coating. Moreover, the adsorption capability was found to depend on the pore size of the mesoporous carbons. The F− uptake decreased as pH of F− solution increased. Protonation and deprotonation of ZrO2 were found to affect the F− adsorption.
Highlights
Fluoride anion (F− ) exists in natural water, but an overdose of F− has been known to cause serious diseases, such as skeletal and dental fluorosis [1]
The F− concentration of 1–1.5 mg·L−1 is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a standard for drinking water, water with higher F− concentrations has been used as drinking water worldwide
F− adsorption characteristics exhibited by the ZrO2 ·xH2 O/templated mesoporous carbon adsorbents were examined, and influence of the pore structure of the mesoporous carbons on the
Summary
Fluoride anion (F− ) exists in natural water, but an overdose of F− has been known to cause serious diseases, such as skeletal and dental fluorosis [1]. Excess intake of F− from drinking water or toothpaste results in mottled enamel. The F− concentration of 1–1.5 mg·L−1 is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a standard for drinking water, water with higher F− concentrations has been used as drinking water worldwide. The use of drinking water with a high F− concentration is problematic in India and in some states in Mexico [2]. Fluorine has important industrial applications in many fields, such as organic materials and medicine. It is vital to remove F− from water and find ways to reutilize it
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