Abstract
Azo dyes including C. I. Basic Brown 16 (BB16) are one of the coloured organic compounds that have adverse effects on human health and the environment. The current work aims to optimise the adsorption of C.I BB16 in aqueous solution using durian (Durio zibethinus murray) shell as a low-cost green adsorbent. Durian shell was characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorption process was optimised with response surface methodology (RSM) based on pH (4–8), time (30–240 min), durian shell dosage (0.1–1.0 g/L) and initial concentration of C.I BB16 (10–20 ppm). The removal efficiency was determined based on the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the decolourisation of C.I BB16. The techno-economic analysis was described in the current work to know the economic feasibility of durian shells as an adsorbent. The SEM images showed that durian shell adsorbent has a smooth surface with no pores. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of -C-O, =C–H, C=C, -C-O-C and O-H bonds in durian shell. Maximum decolourisation (77.6%) and COD removal (80.6%) for C.I BB16 was achieved with the interaction between pH, time and adsorbent dose and initial concentration of C.I BB16. The optimal operating factors for adsorption of C.I BB16 recorded at pH 8, time (30 min), durian shell dosage (1 g/L) and 15 mg /L of C.I BB16 concentrations were 77.61 vs. 74.26 (%) of C.I BB16 removal and 80.60 vs. 78.72 (%) of COD removal with an R2 coefficient of 0.94 at p < 0.05. The specific cost of durian shell coagulant production is USD 172.71 per ton which is lower than the market price of honeydew peels-activated carbon (HDP-AC) (USD 261.81) and the commercial market price of activated carbon which is USD 1000.00/tons. These findings indicated that the durian adsorbent provides alternative methods for treating hair dye wastewater. These findings indicated that durian shells have a high potential for the adsorption of C.I BB16 in aqueous solution.
Highlights
Azo dyes are coloured organic compounds bearing the functional group R−N=N−R, in which R and R are aryl or heteroaryl
The percentage error among the actual and predicted values was recorded less than 5% which indicates that no substantial difference was observed and affirms that the response surface methodology (RSM) method was suitable to optimise the operational settings of adsorption of C.I Basic Brown 16 (BB16)
The optimisation of the adsorption of C.I BB16 achieved more than 77.61%, which designate the role of RSM design in attaining the maximum and optimum conditions for the adsorption of C.I BB16
Summary
Azo dyes are coloured organic compounds bearing the functional group R−N=N−R , in which R and R are aryl or heteroaryl. More than 0.7 million tons of these compounds are produced every year from which 10–15% enters into the environment through industrial wastewater, especially textile industries [1]. The main concerns related to the presence of azo dyes in water ecosystems are its effect on water transparency, photosynthetic activity reduction and the harmful consequences on aquatic flora and fauna. BB16 is one of the most applicable dyes in the textile and biological dyeing industries. It contains (-N=N-) as chromophore connected to aromatic systems with lateral groups, including CH3, which can be very harmful and resistant to conventional treatment processes. C.I BB16 has caused health hazards because of which it has been prohibited in many areas, it is still widely practised in several countries [4]
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