Remarks on Acalypha rhomboidea in Europe, with a fourth record at the continental level

Similarities in the temperate floras of eastern Asia and North America have been appreciated for more than 200 yr, but the generality of the floristic relationships among eastern Asia (EAS), eastern North America (ENA), and western North America (WNA), postulated by Asa Gray about 150 yr ago, has not been tested until now. In this article, floristic relationships based on genera shared among EAS, ENA, and WNA were examined at different spatial scales for different phylogenetic groups using complete floras. Floristic similarity between EAS and ENA is higher than that between EAS and WNA, and the floras of ENA and WNA are more closely related to each other than are the floras of EAS and ENA. Compared with ENA and WNA, the number of genera common to EAS and ENA is significantly higher in basal angiosperms and significantly lower in asterids. Floristic similarities tend to decrease from more basal to more modern lineages between EAS and ENA and between EAS and WNA but not between ENA and WNA. Similarly, from more basal to more modern divisions, the fraction of shared genera decreases between EAS and ENA and between EAS and WNA, whereas the floristic similarity between ENA and WNA tends to increase. Furthermore, floristic similarity between EAS and ENA increases with latitude. The causes of the observed patterns of floristic similarity between EAS, ENA, and WNA are discussed.

Geological disjunction and the changing climate affect the distribution of plants and animals in East Asia.The species of postglacial East and South Asia have gone through the process of speciation.In the Northern Hemisphere, a disjunction of the distribution of closely related plants between eastern Asia and North America has been reported in many previous studies.These plants include Rhus (Yi et al.

Why red‐dominated autumn leaves in America and yellow‐dominated autumn leaves in Northern Europe?

The species ofthe genus Caloplaca occurring on seashore rocks in eastern North America have been studied with regard to taxonomy, geographical distribution, and ecology. Five species were found to inhabit the coastal rocks. The species also occur in Europe, and three of them in Asia. Three of the species, C. microthallina (Wedd.) Zahlbr., C. scopularis (Nyl.) Lettau, and C. verru- culifera (Vainio) Zahlbr. occur exclusively on seashore rocks, while C. lithophila H. Magn. and C. fraudans (Th. Fr.) H. Olivier occur also in inland localities. One-way analysis of variance of both morphological and anatomical characters was carried out on the American and the European populations of the species, except C. fraudans. No significant differences were found in C. lithophila, but in the other three species significant differences were recorded in two or three characters. However, the differences were mostly very small, the overlaps large, and no discontinuities could be detected. Therefore no infraspecific taxa were recognized. The lichen flora occurring on seashore rocks in eastern North America has previously been studied on several occasions. In the late 19th and the early 20th century contributions to the knowledge of lit- toral lichens were made mainly with scattered col- lections by botanists such as E. Tuckerman, H. Wil- ley, W. G. Farlow, and G. K. Merrill. Degelius (1940) was one of the first lichenologists to investigate the lichens on seashore rocks in North America more thoroughly. He studied the flora of Maine and com- pared it with the European flora, and found great similarities. The work of Degelius inspired I. M. Lamb (1954) to carry out similar studies in Nova Scotia, Canada. The most extensive collections of littoral lichens in eastern North America were made by R. M. Tay- lor. His work mainly concerned the vertical distri- bution patterns, interspecific associations, and the general geographical distribution of the species col- lected, but also comprised taxonomical studies of the genus Verrucaria and a key to the 21 species included in the study (Taylor 1974). One of the latest studies in eastern North America, including littoral lichens, is that of the flora of Fundy National Park, New Brunswick, Canada, by Gowan and Bro- do (1988). They pointed out that the maritime prov- inces are still not very well known and that the need for further studies is high. This study was carried out to investigate the spe- cies of Caloplaca occurring on seashore rocks in eastern North America, and to compare the Euro- pean and the American populations of the species. No extensive studies have previously been done on this group in this region. Three of the species, oc- curring also in northern Europe, have been treated by Nordin (1972), but only for the European range of the species.

The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is an introduced pest of unknown origin that is causing severe mortality to hemlocks (Tsuga spp.) in eastern North America. Adelgids also occur on other Tsuga species in western North America and East Asia, but these trees are not significantly damaged. The purpose of this study is to use molecular methods to clarify the relationship among hemlock adelgids worldwide and thereby determine the geographic origin of the introduction to eastern North America. Adelgids were collected from multiple locations in eastern and western North America, mainland China, Taiwan, and Japan, and 1521 bp of mitochondrial DNA was sequenced for each sample. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the source of A. tsugae in eastern North America was likely a population of adelgids in southern Japan. A single haplotype was shared among all samples collected in eastern North America and samples collected in the natural range of T. sieboldii in southern Honshu, Japan. A separate adelgid mitochondrial lineage was found at higher elevations in the natural range of T. diversifolia. Adelgids from mainland China and Taiwan represent a lineage that is clearly diverged from insects in North America and Japan. In contrast to eastern North America, there is no conclusive evidence for a recent introduction of A. tsugae into western North America, where multiple haplotypes are found. Implications for hemlock woolly adelgid control, taxonomy, and plant–insect coevolution are discussed.

The Aralia–Panax complex consists of three closely related genera of Araliaceae (Aralia L., Panax L. and Sciadodendron Griseb.), widely distributed in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of Asia and the Americas. Three major lineages (Panax, Aralia sect. Aralia, and Aralia sect. Dimorphanthus Miq.) are disjunctly distributed in eastern Asia and North America. Comparative sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA was carried out in order to examine the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of this complex. Results suggest Aralia is paraphyletic, with Panax and the Central American monotypic Sciadodendron nested within. The monophyly of Panax (P. trifolius L. maybe excepted), Aralia sect. Aralia (except A. henryi Harms), and Aralia sect. Humiles Harms is supported. The morphologically isolated A. hispida Vent. is embedded within Aralia sect. Dimorphanthus. The phylogenetic data suggest the need to re-examine the generic delimitation of Aralia. None of the presumed intercontinental species pairs between eastern Asia and eastern North America (e.g. Aralia cordata Thunb. and A. racemosa L., A. spinosa L. and A. stipulata Franch., and Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. and P. quinquefolius L.) have been supported as sister species, and the floristic similarity between eastern Asia and eastern North America seems to have been exaggerated by previous workers. Within Aralia sect. Dimorphanthus, the north temperate series Dimorphanthus was paraphyletic, with the subtropical and tropical series Chinensis J. Wen and series Foliolosae J. Wen nested within. This pattern of differentiation is consistent with the hypothesis of morphological stasis among the closely related disjunct taxa between eastern Asia and eastern North America in series Dimorphanthus. Subtropical/tropical Sciadodendron, and Aralia sect. Pentapanax (Seem.) J. Wen are suggested to have derived from temperate elements, although Araliaceae have a generally subtropical and tropical distribution.

Quaternary History of Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America and Europe

Changes in symbiont assemblages can affect the success and impact of invasive species, and may provide knowledge regarding the invasion histories of their vectors. Bark beetle symbioses are ideal systems to study changes in symbiont assemblages resulting from invasions. The red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) is a bark beetle species that recently invaded China from its native range in North America. It is associated with ophiostomatalean fungi in both locations, although the fungi have previously been well-surveyed only in China. We surveyed the ophiostomatalean fungi associated with D. valens in eastern and western North America, and identified the fungal species using multi-gene phylogenies. From the 307 collected isolates (147 in eastern North America and 160 in western North America), we identified 20 species: 11 in eastern North America and 13 in western North America. Four species were shared between eastern North America and western North America, one species (Ophiostoma floccosum) was shared between western North America and China, and three species (Grosmannia koreana, Leptographium procerum, and Ophiostoma abietinum) were shared between eastern North America and China. Ophiostoma floccosum and O. abietinum have worldwide distributions, and were rarely isolated from D. valens. However, G. koreana and L. procerum are primarily limited to Asia and North America respectively. Leptographium procerum, which is thought to be native to North America, represented >45% of the symbionts of D. valens in eastern North America and China, suggesting D. valens may have been introduced to China from eastern North America. These results are surprising, as previous population genetics studies on D. valens based on the cytochrome oxidase I gene have suggested that the insect was introduced into China from western North America.

Coevolution and photoprotection as complementary hypotheses for autumn leaf reddening: a nutrient-centered perspective.

The Distribution of Scrophulariaceae in the Holarctic With Special Reference to the Floristic Relationships Between Eastern Asia and Eastern North America

Peña, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. & Wahlberg, N. (2010). Biogeographic history of the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae).—Zoologica Scripta, 39, 243–258. The diverse butterfly subtribe Euptychiina was thought to be restricted to the Americas. However, there is mounting evidence for the Oriental Palaeonympha opalina being part of Euptychiina and thus a disjunct distribution between it (in eastern Asia) and its sister taxon (in eastern North America). Such a disjunct distribution in both eastern Asia and eastern North America has never been reported for any butterfly taxon. We used 4447 bp of DNA sequences from one mitochondrial gene and four nuclear genes for 102 Euptychiina taxa to obtain a phylogenetic hypothesis of the subtribe, estimate dates of origin and diversification for major clades and perform a biogeographic analysis. Euptychiina originated 31 Ma in South America. Early Euptychiina dispersed from North to South America via the temporary connection known as GAARlandia during Eocene–Oligocene times. The current disjunct distribution of the Oriental Palaeonympha opalina is the result of a northbound dispersal of a lineage from South America into eastern Asia via North America. The common ancestor of Palaeonympha and its sister taxon Megisto inhabited the continuous forest belt across North Asia and North America, which was connected by Beringia. The closure of this connection caused the split between Palaeonympha and Megisto around 13 Ma and the severe extinctions in western North America because of the climatic changes of the Late Miocene (from 13.5 Ma onwards) resulted in the classic ‘eastern Asia and eastern North America’ disjunct distribution.

The awareness and study of eastern North American-eastern Asian plant disjunctions is traced from the time of Linnaeus to the beginning of the twentieth century. Thomas Nuttall's previously overlooked contribution to this topic is discussed, and an annotated appendix of the taxa that he attributed to eastern Asia and North America is presented. Charles Darwin's influence on the thoughts and writings of Asa Gray is also discussed, based on published and unpublished letters and manuscripts in the Archives of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University; the role that this correspondence played in the development of Gray's phytogeographical ideas and Darwin's theory of evolution is considered. A brief summary of the writings of Adolf Engler, and other nineteenth century botanists, pertaining to these disjunctions and their bearing on an understanding of vegetational patterns in the northern hemisphere is also given. The significance of the late nineteenth century explorations in China in making known the full extent of disjunctions between eastern Asia and North America has provided the basis for further work beyond the exploratory and theoretical stages of this fascinating pattern of plant disjunction. The discontinuous distribution of the same or closely related taxa of plants between eastern North America and eastern Asia is but one of several patterns of disjunction that become evident when the flora of the temperate Northern Hemisphere is considered (Raven, 1972; Thorne, 1972; Wood, 1972; and others). Many of these patterns have been termed Tertiary relict disjunctions. Of these, however, the classic eastern North American-eastern Asian pattern is undoubtedly the best known and most often cited example of the disjunct occurrence of closely related taxa on two continents separated by thousands of kilometers. Despite the fact that most of the shared taxa in the two regions have been shown to be distinct from one another (the relationships are primarily closely related species of the same genus, or closely related genera of the same family), other factors noted by biogeographers that have strengthened the impression of a biological connection between the two regions are climatic and ecological similarities. The similarities of the forests of Japan, central China, and the southern Appalachians in appearance as well as in ecological associations are in many instances so great that a sense of deja vu is experienced by botanists of one of the regions visiting the other. Another important factor that has served to emphasize the floristic relationships between eastern North America and eastern Asia is the fact that this particular disjunction pattern was the first to be recognized by botanists. Moreover, the discovery and significance of this pattern figured in the discussions surrounding Darwin's theory of evolution, and it has been discussed not only by plant geographers but by botanical and scientific historians as well. The purpose of this paper is to trace briefly the historical aspects of the recognition of this distribution pattern and the accumulation of facts pertaining to it, and to summarize the major contributions to the study of this pattern that have been made from the time of Linnaeus to the beginning of the twentieth century. Special mention of the contribution and observations of Thomas Nuttall is inI We thank M. Byrnes for her help in the preparation of the manuscript, 0. T. Solbrig, Director of the Gray Herbarium, for allowing access to the Darwin and Gray material in the Archives of the Gray Herbarium, and L. McWood, Archivist, for her patience and helpfulness. We also thank D. Kohn, B. G. Schubert, and P. F. Stevens for reading the manuscript and for their comments, and P. H. Raven, who suggested that we attempt this contribution. Lastly, we are grateful to B. Bartholomew and the library of the California Academy of Sciences for providing a copy of Miquel's paper of 1868, and to P. H. Raven and the Missouri Botanical Garden for providing copies of other literature that we were lacking. 2 Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. ANN. MISSOURI BOT. GARD. 70: 423-439. 1983. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.58 on Fri, 24 Jun 2016 04:59:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 424 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN [VOL. 70 cluded inasmuch as his penetrating insights into the relationships between the eastern Asian and eastern North American floras, as well as his phytogeographical observations, have to our knowledge hitherto passed unnoticed. EARLY RECOGNITION OF THE FLORISTIC SIMILARITIES BETWEEN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EASTERN ASIA-

Estimate of the size and demographic structure of the owned dog and cat population living in Veneto region (north-eastern Italy)

Evolution of biogeographic disjunction between eastern Asia and North America in Chamaecyparis: Insights from ecological niche models

Thinning trials in lowland plantations in the Veneto Region (North-eastern Italy). More than 234 hectares of new plantations of lowland mixed forest have been realized in the last 20 years in the Veneto Region (North-eastern Italy). In many of these is now needed to start thinning operations, but there is a lack of experience about this topic. Aim of this work was to undertake an experimentation on different types of thinnings. The thinning trial has been performed at Bosco San Marco forest, municipality of Cessalto (Venice), in a very dense hornbeam-oak plantation aged 16. In 2010, three different thinning types were implemented on 9 hectares according to the following layout: geometrical (34% of woody mass removed), selective (15%), mixed geometrical-selective (30%), control plot. Three years later no significant differences between thinning trials in term of diametric growth, geometrical thinning excepted, were observed. These results provide a suite of solutions to the forest manager for choosing the early thinning type in high tree density condition.