Abstract
This study formulated and compared 3D printed (3DP) and cast kappa-carrageenan (кC) emulsion gels for the co-release of model lipophilic (cinnamaldehyde) and hydrophilic (erioglaucine disodium salt (EDS)) molecules. Tween 20 (T20) or whey protein isolate (WPI) were used as the emulsifier. Both 3DP and cast emulsion gels maintained their oil droplet size over 8 weeks owing to the set gel matrix. Penetration texture analysis revealed 3DP and cast 5% oil emulsion gels, required more force to break compared to 40% oil gels (3 N against 0.4–0.5 N). This was because the oil droplets, disrupted the gel matrix; thereby weakening it. 3DP gels required less force to break than cast gels, owing to failure between the printed layers. Release tests in various media showed no significant difference in the final % cinnamaldehyde released between 3DP gels and cast gels. Release tests in carried out 0.1M hydrochloric acid saw an increase in cinnamaldehyde release compared to other media, owing to cinnamaldehyde's increased solubility in acidic media. Addition of EDS into the gel matrix facilitated co-release studies, with EDS release having no effect on the cinnamaldehyde release, indicating EDS release was driven by liberation from the gel network and cinnamaldehyde release by its expulsion from the oil droplets. Simple modelling showed that diffusion rather than polymeric relaxation was more dominant for active release in 3DP gels compared to cast gels. This work shows that 3DP can be used to produce customisable кC-emulsion gels, with multiple actives; suitable for use as modified release vehicles. • 3D printed and cast emulsion gels maintained droplet stability over 8 weeks. • Penetration testing showed 5% oil emulsion gels were stronger than 40%. • Cinnamaldehyde released more in acidic released media compared to water and PBS. • Hydrophile and lipophile co-release occurred by two different mechanisms. • Modelling showed 3D printed gels favoured diffusion driven release over relaxation.
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
