Abstract
To date, few detailed studies have been conducted on the convenient and useful markers for the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including overactive bladder (OAB) and nocturia. A high level of calcium (Ca) excretion (hypercalciuria) is indicative of lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension, which are associated with the onset of LUTS. Hence, in this study we attempted to clarify the relationship between urinary Ca excretion and OAB, nocturia, and nocturnal polyuria in adults. The present study showed that patients with hypercalciuria frequently experienced OAB, nocturia, and nocturnal polyuria. In addition, this study revealed that the severity of LUTS is significantly associated with urinary Ca excretion and that hypercalciuria is an important risk factor for OAB, nocturia, and nocturnal polyuria.
Highlights
In the field of pediatric urology, excessive excretion of calcium (Ca) from the kidneys into urine induces nocturnal polyuria and decreases functional bladder capacity, which is one of the causes of nocturnal enuresis and other lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) [1–3]
The total number of cases that met the diagnostic criteria for overactive bladder (OAB) was 139 (27.2%), with 80 patients (21.1%) in the non-hypercalciuria group and 59 patients (44.4%) in the hypercalciuria group (p < 0.001)
Based on the results of our multivariate analysis, we examined the correlation between salt intake and urinary calcium excretion and various micturition parameters (OAB, nocturia, nocturnal polyuria) in further detail (Figure 1)
Summary
In the field of pediatric urology, excessive excretion of calcium (Ca) from the kidneys into urine induces nocturnal polyuria and decreases functional bladder capacity, which is one of the causes of nocturnal enuresis and other lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) [1–3]. Even adult patients with typical lifestyle-related diseases, such as hypertension and osteoporosis, generally have a large amount of urinary Ca excretion (hypercalciuria), which can cause LUTS such as overactive bladder (OAB) and nocturia [4]. Excessive urinary Ca excretion can cause a decrease in the amount of antidiuretic hormone secreted at night and the amount of aquaporin 2 produced in the renal collecting duct, which affects urinary concentration [8]. Hypercalciuria can induce changes in such renal microenvironments and cause LUTS that directly affect the patient’s quality of life, such as nocturia and nocturnal polyuria [9–11]
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