Relationship between Psychological Alienation and Physical and Skill Self-Esteem in Female Volleyball Players of Iraqi University Teams

The research aims to: - To identify the differences between the two tests of the vertical jump of stability and the platform of the jumping platform in measuring the explosive power of the two legs of the female volleyball players. - Identifying the relationship between the two vertical jump tests of stability and the platform jumping device in measuring the explosive power of the two legs in female volleyball players. As for the research hypothesis:- -There are statistically significant differences between the standing vertical jump tests and the jumping platform device in measuring the explosive power of the legs in female volleyball players. - There is a significant correlation between the two standing vertical jump tests and the jumping platform device in measuring the explosive strength of the legs in female volleyball players. The research community was determined by the intentional method of the players of the first degree of volleyball in the Kurdistan Region / Iraq.The research sample was determined by the random method from the research community, which consisted of players from these clubs (Hajiaoa, Rania, and Tactac,koya University Team) which in total were 37 players, One female player was excluded from the Hajiao Club due to not attending the test day, and (6) female players from the Koya University team were excluded because of their participation in the reconnaissance experiment. Thus, the size of the final sample reached 30 players out of 30 players, with a rate of 81.01%. The researchers used the descriptive approach in a comparative study method. And the correlations, and after obtaining the results, they were discussed in a scientific manner supported by the sources to achieve the research goals. In light of the research results, the researchers reached the following Conclusions: - There is a correlation between the springboard mat test and the standing vertical jump test in their measurement of the explosive strength of the legs in female volleyball players. - There are differences between the springboard mat test and the vertical stability jump test in their measurement of the explosive power of the legs in female volleyball players, and in favor of the springboard mat test.

The importance of the current research lies in examining the differences in the psychological resilience variable between advanced male and female Volleyball players in the northern region of Iraq. The researcher's research problem lies in answering the following question:- Are there differences in the psychological resilience variable between male and female Volleyball players in the northern region? The current research aims to:- Identify statistical differences in psychological resilience between male and female Volleyball players in the Northern Region. The researcher hypothesizes the following:- The existence of statistically significant differences in psychological resilience between male and female Volleyball players in the Northern Region, in favor of the male players.The researcher used a descriptive approach with a comparative approach due to its suitability to the nature of the current research. The research sample included only (30) male and (27) female players. (10) members of the community were excluded, (5) male players and (5) female players, as a sample for the exploratory experiment and to extract the reliability of the scale. Thus, the percentage of the research sample reached (85.07%) of the total research community. The researcher used the psychological resilience scale to reach the results of his research.The researcher concluded the following:- Advanced male Volleyball players outperformed advanced female Volleyball players in the Northern Region in the variable of psychological resilience. The researcher recommends the following:- Coaches should pay attention to the psychological state of male and female players, particularly psychological resilience, to cope with the pressures they face during training and matches and address them as quickly as possible.

Objective: This study aimed to Compare parametric indices of anthropometric and biomechanical characteristics of female basketball, volleyball, and handball players. Methods: This research is purposive comparative-descriptive study. A total of 100 female students (35 handball players, 37 volleyball players, and 28 basketball players) participated in this study. The normality of the data distribution was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The Mean±SD and percentage rank to describe the information, multiple correlation coefficient to reduce the overlapping data, and analysis of the main components of the data to determine the leading indicators of anthropometric and biomechanical characteristics of female handball, volleyball, and basketball players and ANOVA was used to compare the corresponding leading indices in different age groups. Results: Ten parameters for female handball and volleyball players and nine parameters for female basketball players were highlighted as the leading indicators. Head width, leg length, ankle width, scapular fat for basketball and handball players, biceps and weight for handball and volleyball players, abdominal fat, leg length for volleyball and basketball players, and height introduced as the leading common indicators among all groups of players. The results related to the variance extracted in each of the main components of anthropometric features after rotation showed that the main parameters related to anthropometric characteristics in female handball players are: height, weight, knee-to-ground height, head width, Head circumference, waist circumference, leg length, ankle width, scapular fat, and biceps fat; in female volleyball players are: height, weight, trunk width at the navel, sitting pelvis width, elbow circumference, knee circumference, foot arc circumference, leg length, biceps fat, triceps fat; in female basketball players are: height, elbow circumference, head width, trunk circumference at chest level, trunk circumference at navel level, leg length, ankle width, scapular fat, and abdominal fat; and in players of the three groups of athletes are: height, knee-to-ground height, elbow circumference, head circumference, waist circumference, trunk circumference at chest level, scapular fat and maximum forearm circumference. Conclusion: The height is the leading standard index between different female handball, volleyball, and basketball players. Most of the anthropometric characteristics are various, related to the type of sport. Also, the biomechanical characteristics vary according to the unique skills in each discipline. In some sports, the biomechanical factors vary due to the features of the common sport and the design of specific training programs. Every sport needs to evaluate and study the anthropometric and biomechanical aspects of individuals.

This study examined whether anthropometric and fitness tests might successfully predict selection of young female volleyball players for a junior national team. Sixty four female players (age: 14.4 ± 0.5 y, body height: 1.76 ± 0.05 m, body mass: 63.9 ± 6.4 kg) underwent a selection procedure for the junior national team. Anthropometric data and speed and power test results were obtained and players were graded for their performance in a volleyball tournament. Selected players differed from the non-qualified in body height (3.4%; p = 0.001), standing reach height (2.6%; p = 0.001), the sum of skinfolds (15.4%; p = 0.035), body mass index (BMI; 7.1%; p = 0.005) and spike jump and reach (SJR) (2.5%; p = 0.001). Selected players were classified in the 99.2 ± 1.6 percentile in body height and in the 51.4 ± 20.6 percentile in the BMI, which were significantly different from those of the non-qualified players (95.4 ± 7.0 and 66.7 ± 18.6, p = 0.02 and p = 0.004, respectively). Stepwise discriminant analysis yielded a discriminant function (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.78) that was highly loaded by height, SJR and the BMI (r = 0.79, r = 0.74 and r = -0.53, respectively). Cross validation results showed that selection was correctly predicted in 15 out of the 20 selected players (predictive accuracy: 75.0%) and in 35 out of the 44 non-qualified players (predictive accuracy: 79.5%). In conclusion, body height, the BMI and SJR height successfully discriminated between selected and non-qualified elite young female junior national team volleyball players. The equal vertical jump, sprint and agility of selected and non-qualified players, highlight the importance of body height and the BMI for selection of elite junior female volleyball players.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional intake of female collegiate volleyball players to recommendations for performance and good health. These athletes had previously received information about the importance of good nutrition and suggestions for meeting dietary recommendations from their coach. METHODS: Nine female volleyball players at an NCAA Division II university, ages (mean±SD) 19.2±1.6 y, completed a three day food record on two practice days and one game day during the season. These food records were analyzed using Nutritionist Pro Nutrition Analysis Software for total energy, carbohydrate (CHO), fat, protein, and alcohol as well as calcium, iron, sodium, and fiber intake. The average of the three days was compared to recommendations for female athletes. RESULTS: Total energy (31.9±7.7 vs. 38 kcal·kg body weight-1, p<0.05) and CHO intake (4.3±1.3 vs. 6–10 g·kg-1, p<0.01) were lower than recommended. Total fat intake was higher (1.2±0.3 vs. 0.9 g·kg-1, p<0.05) while protein intake was similar to the recommendation (1.1±0.3 vs. 1.2-1.7g·kg-1, p=0.49). Iron (11.5±2.4vs. 18 mg, p<0.001), calcium (701.7±376.9 vs. 1000 mg, p<0.05), and fiber (8.9±2.2 vs. 25 g, p<0.001) intake were all significantly lower than recommended while sodium intake (3472±615 vs. <2400 mg, p<0.001) was significantly higher (p<0.001). Cholesterol intake (242±127mg) was not significantly different from the recommended intake of <300mg (p=0.21). None of the athletes reported consuming alcohol during the three days the records were kept. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that these athletes are not consuming adequate energy and carbohydrates but exceeding recommended fat intake. This could affect performance through low muscle glycogen levels and loss of body and muscle mass. Additionally, deficiencies in iron, calcium, and fiber intake and excessive sodium intake could have negative health effects. This suggests that the basic nutrition information provided by coaches may not be effective in promoting good dietary habits in female volleyball players.

Summary Study aim: In a volleyball game, multiple elements can influence competitive success, e.g. height, arm span and other anthropometric variables. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to find out whether any differences exist between Indian inter-university male and female volleyball players as well as between players and a reference group in terms of anthropometry and handgrip strength. Materials and methods: The present cross-sectional research was conducted on 114 randomly selected Indian inter-university male (n = 50) and female (n = 64) volleyball players aged 18–25 years. An equal number of reference group individuals who did not participate in any exercise or training programme were also taken. Height, body weight, body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), hand length, hand breadth, second digit length, fourth digit length, second and fourth digit ratio (2D/4D ratio), upper arm length, forearm length, total arm length, upper arm circumference, hip circumference; humerus and femur biepicondylar diameters, handgrip strength (dominant/non-dominant), arm muscle area, arm area, arm fat area, arm fat index, % body fat, and % lean body mass were measured with equipment including an anthropometer, sliding caliper, handgrip dynamometer and skinfold caliper using standard techniques. The data were analysed using SPSS version 17.0. Student’s t-test was applied for the comparison of data between players and the reference group. Differences between the groups were analysed using the oneway ANOVA test. Bonferroni post hoc test was applied after application of the ANOVA test. Effect size was also calculated. Statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05) was indicated using a 5% level of probability. Results: Male volleyball players had higher mean values in height, body weight, hand length, hand breadth, second and fourth digit length, dominant and non-dominant handgrip strength, humerus and femur biepicondylar diameter, upper arm length, forearm length and total arm length, arm muscle area, arm area and percent lean body mass than the reference group. Similar findings were observed between female players and the reference group also. Statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.05–0.001) were also observed between male and female players except BMI, 2D/4D ratio, and arm fat area. These findings were supported by the effect size (η) calculations. Conclusion: Volleyball players had better height, weight, hand and arm anthropometrics, handgrip strength and % lean body mass as compared to the reference group. Significant differences were found in anthropometry and handgrip strength between players and reference group individuals, suggesting that these findings could be very useful for player selection and talent identification in sports.

Preseason functional tests discriminate injury risk in female collegiate volleyball players

Few data exist on the relationship between maximum strength and power performance, such as jumping ability in low-level female volleyball players. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between maximum strength and jumping performance in young female non-elite volleyball players before and after an in-season resistancetraining protocol. A 26-week, in-season resistance-training program was carried out on ten female volleyball players, aged 19 (±2). The 1 RM squat test was used to evaluate the players’ maximum strength in the lower extremities and a vertical jump (VJ) test was used to assess functional performance and power. There was a significant enhancement of 69% (p=0.005) for the squat test and 9% for the VJ test (p=0.008). A strong significant relationship was found between the VJ test and the 1 RM squat test (r=0.68, r2=0.47, p=0.0014) at the pre-test and post-test (r=0.88, r2=0.77, p=0.001). When comparing the coefficients of correlation (r=0.68 and r=0.88) between the squat tests and VJ tests, the difference that was noted was significant (p&lt;0.001). A strong significant relationship was also noted between the 1RM squat and VJ test relative to body weight at pre-test (r=0.89, r2=0.79, p=0.001) and post-test (r=0.95, r2=0.90), p&lt;0.001). This study demonstrates that maximum strength in squats is a major predictive factor for jumping height in young female volleyball players. Female volleyball players might therefore consider focusing on maximum strength training to improve their jumping performance.

Comparison of landing maneuvers between male and female college volleyball players

Purpose:The primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether the internal (session rating of perceived exertion [sRPE] and Edwards heart-rate-based method) and external training load (jumps) affect the presession well-being perception on the day after (ie, +22 h), according to age and tactical position, in elite (ie, Serie A2) female volleyball training.Methods:Ten female elite volleyball players (age = 23 [4] y, height = 1.82 [0.04] m, body mass = 73.2 [4.9] kg) had their heart rate monitored during 13 team (115 individual) training sessions (duration: 101 [8] min). Mixed-effect models were applied to evaluate whether sRPE, Edwards method, and jumps were correlated (P ≤ .05) to Hooper index factors (ie, perceived sleep quality/disorders, stress level, fatigue, and delayed-onset muscle soreness) in relation to age and tactical position (ie, hitters, central blockers, opposites, and setters).Results:The results showed a direct relationship between sRPE (P &lt; .001) and presession well-being perception 22 hours apart, whereas the relationship was the inverse for Edwards method internal training load. Age, as well as the performed jumps, did not affect the well-being perception of the day after. Finally, central blockers experienced a higher delayed-onset muscle soreness than hitters (P = .003).Conclusions:Findings indicated that female volleyball players’ internal training load influences the pretraining well-being status on the day after (+ 22 h). Therefore, coaches can benefit from this information to accurately implement periodization in a short-term perspective and to properly adopt recovery strategies in relation to the players’ well-being status.

To evaluate if the internal training load (ITL; Edwards heart rate [HR]-based and session-rating of perceived exertion [RPE] methods) is affected by the presession well-being perception, age, and position in elite (ie,Serie A2) female volleyball training. Twelve female elite volleyball players (age: 22 [4]y, height: 1.80 [0.06]m, body mass: 74.1 [4.3]kg) were monitored using an HR monitor during 32 team training sessions (duration: 1:36:12 [0:22:24], in h:min:s). Linear mixed-effects models were applied to evaluate if well-being perception (ie,perceived sleep quality/disorders, stress level, fatigue, and delayed-onset muscle soreness) may affect ITL depending on age and tactical position. Presession perceived fatigue influenced ITL according to the session-RPE (P = .032) but not according to the Edwards method. Age was inversely correlated to the Edwards method (P < .001) and directly correlated to the session-RPE (P = .027). Finally, central blockers experienced a higher training load than hitters (P < .001) and liberos (P < .001) for the Edwards method, as well as higher than hitters (P < .001), liberos (P = .003), and setters (P = .008) for session-RPE. Findings indicated that female volleyball players' perceived ITL is influenced by presession well-being status, age, and position. Therefore, coaches can benefit from this information to specifically predict players' ITL in relation to their individual characteristics.

Investigations of Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) performance differences between competition levels and sports are limited and results are inconsistent. The aim of the present study are: 1) to compare SEBT performance between elite and semi-professional female volleyball players; 2) to evaluate differences in SEBT scores between positions (Hitters, Middle Blockers, Setters, and Liberoes); and 3) to compare dynamic balance characteristics between professional female Italian volleyball players with NCAA Division I female athletes practicing six different sports (hockey, football, basketball, golf, softball, and volleyball). For the latter comparison, previously published data obtained from a study were used. Fifty-one female volleyball players were grouped in two groups, elite athletes (EG; N.=27) and semi-professional players (SG; N.=24), and further categorized into hitters, middle blockers, setters, and liberos. Anterior (A), posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL) distances, and composite score (COMP) of SEBT short form were studied. COMP was calculated as the average of the normalized distances across the three directions. Significant differences were observed for the A (right, P=0.014 and left, P=0.011), PL (right, P=0.017 and left, P=0.008), PM (P<0.001) directions, and COMP scores (right, P=0.008 and left, P=0.009), with higher normalized distances noted for the EG and no differences between different positions. COMP scores were lower for the EG than the NCAA Division I female hockey (P<0.001) and football players (P=0.031) but similar to those of basketball, golf, softball, and volleyball players. The EG scored higher on dynamic postural-control tasks than the SG. SEBT performance varied significantly between sports. Clinicians and strength coaches need to be aware of sport specific differences in dynamic postural control measurements in both rehabilitation and athletic development.

The purpose of this paper was: a) to provide reference values for the standing spike test for female volleyball players and b) to study whether the standing spike test is valid for assessing the theoretical differences between female volleyball players. The sample included 83 players from the first nine teams of the Spanish women's first volleyball division (52 Spanish players and 31 from other nationalities). The variables studied were the ball speed of the standing spike test, the age of the players, the player's role (outside hitter, opposite, middle-blocker, libero, or setter), height, and nationality of the players (Spanish or foreign). The results demonstrate the ranges for the standing spike among female performance volleyball players (70-82 km · h−1). The differences regarding nationality, player role, height, and age seem to indicate that the test is a valid instrument for monitoring the performance of female volleyball players.

The current study aims at: - The effect of muscular ability training using weights on a number of physical variables for female volleyball players of the experimental group between the pre and post tests.- Significance of differences in a number of physical variables for female volleyball players between the experimental and control groups in the post test.In order to verify the objectives of the research, the researcher put forwards the following: - There are significant differences in the muscular ability and components of special physical fitness among female volleyball players between the pre and post tests of the experimental group and in favor of the post test.- There are significant differences in the muscular ability and components of special physical fitness among female volleyball players in the post test between the experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group. The researcher used the experimental method for its relevance to the nature of the research, and the sample and the research community consisted of the players of the Qaraqosh Sports Club for volleyball for ages (16-19), who numbered (40), and the research sample consisted of (12) players who were chosen randomly, representing 30% of the community. It was divided into two groups, control and experimental, with (6) female players for each group, in addition to the selection of (6) female players to conduct exploratory experiments on them from the research community.Experimental group: strength and maximal strength training using weights. Control group: the curriculum prepared by the trainer for the same period.The researcher used the experimental design, which is called “the post-tribal experiment on an experimental group and a control group” (Al-Shafi’i and Morsi, 1999, 83).A training curriculum and the exercises used with weights were prepared for the experimental group. The implementation of the program took (6) weeks in two medium sessions with three training units per week, and this program was implemented during the specified period from 20/3/2021 to 29/4/2021.In light of the results reached, the researcher drew the following conclusions:- Weight training positively affects muscular ability, as well as affects the basic physical variables in volleyball.- Significant differences appeared with statistical significance between the results of the post-test between the experimental and control groups and in favor of the experimental group in the tests of muscular ability, and also significant differences appeared with statistical significance in the tests of physical characteristics and in favor of the experimental group

A non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is both a serious and very common problem in volleyball. The aim of the study was to determine the association between stick, step-back, and run-back landings after a block and select risk factors of ACL injuries for female professional volleyball players. The research sample involved fourteen female professional volleyball players. Two force plates were used to determine ground reaction forces. Eight infrared cameras were employed to collect the kinematic data. The one-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance, where the landing type was the factor, was used for comparing the valgus moment and ground reaction force on the right lower limb. ANOVA showed that the type of landing has a main effect on the valgus moment on the right lower limb (F) = 5.96, p = 0.019df = 1.18, partial η2 = 0.239 and SP = 0.693). Furthermore, it did not show a main effect on the vertical reaction force on the right lower limb ((F)=2.77, p=0.090, df=1.55, partial η2= 0.128 and SP=0.448). The highest valgus moment occurred during the run-back landing. This moment, however, did not have any effect within the first 100 ms after initial contact with the ground, but rather upon the subsequent motion carried out when stepping back off the net. A comparison between a run-back landing and a step-back landing showed relevant higher values of vertical ground reaction forces during the run-back landing.