Relationship Between Procrastination and Exercise Behavior Among College Students

Background: More than one third of college students are either overweight or obese, making college campuses an ideal setting to target at risk behaviors while tailoring programs to the evolving lifestyle of college students. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a 15-week, campus-based lifestyle modification program on obese college students with regard to physical activity behaviors, attitudes, and self-efficacy. Methods: Eighteen college students completed pre- and postintervention surveys that measured participants' behaviors, attitudes, stage of change, self-efficacy, social support, environmental factors, and body mass index. The PACE Adult Measure was used to assess physical activity variables for the study. Results: The intervention was successful at increasing physical activity level and self-efficacy and decreasing body mass index (BMI) when comparing pre and post measures (P < .05). Discussion: The results of this study suggest that collaborative programming on college campuses targeted toward obese individuals is beneficial in increasing physical activity and self-efficacy. Future research should examine the long-term impact of these on-campus collaborative programs on college students' health and well-being. Translation in Health Education Practice: The findings support the implementation of similar programming aimed to improve physical activity outcomes on a college campus.

ABSTRACTObjectiveBased on event‐related potential (ERP) evidence, this study aims to identify specific indicators of inhibitory control in college students with depressive symptoms, explore the relationship between different components and levels of physical exercise and the specific indicators of depressive symptoms and inhibitory control, and clarify potential targets for exercise interventions and possible mechanisms for alleviating depressive symptoms in college students.MethodsAn observational research design was adopted, utilizing convenience sampling to randomly recruit 225 college students. Participants were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Physical Activity Scale. Behavioral performance during inhibitory control tasks, as well as synchronous ERP brain signals, was collected.ResultsCompared to healthy college students, the specific indicators of inhibitory control in college students with depressive symptoms included the Nogo accuracy and the N2 amplitude of Fz potentials under the Nogo condition for response inhibition, and the Stroop incongruent reaction time and the P3 amplitude of Fz potentials under the Stroop incongruent condition for interference inhibition (all p < 0.05). Physical exercise volume, intensity, duration, and frequency were significantly correlated with depressive symptom scores (all p < 0.05). Intensity, duration, and frequency were identified as key influencing factors. Moderate‐intensity sustained exercise and high‐intensity non‐sustained exercise, as well as high‐intensity sustained exercise, showed stronger effects. Longer durations (31–59 min and > 60 min) and higher frequencies (1–2 times/week and 3–5 times/week) also showed stronger effects. Physical exercise volume and intensity were significantly correlated with the N2 amplitude of Fz potentials under the Nogo condition for response inhibition (p < 0.05), with no significant differences observed for different exercise intensities (p > 0.05). Physical exercise volume, intensity, and duration were significantly correlated with Stroop incongruent reaction time and the P3 amplitude of Fz potentials under the Stroop incongruent condition (all p < 0.05). Intensity and duration were key influencing factors. In terms of behavioral task performance, moderate‐intensity sustained exercise and high‐intensity non‐sustained exercise, as well as high‐intensity sustained exercise, exhibited stronger effects. Regarding cognitive neural processing, high‐intensity non‐sustained exercise had a more substantial effect, and durations of 31–59 and > 60 min also had stronger effects.ConclusionCollege students with depressive symptoms exhibit impaired inhibitory control, with decreased behavioral performance in response inhibition and interference inhibition tasks and reduced cognitive neural processing abilities. These can serve as key indicators for the early identification of depressive symptoms in college students. For depressive symptoms, it is recommended that exercise intensity be moderate or higher, with a duration of at least 30 min and a frequency of 1–2 times/week and 3–5 times/week, with the optimal frequency being 3–5 times/week. For interference inhibition, it is recommended that exercise intensity be moderate or higher, with the greatest benefits observed from high‐intensity non‐sustained exercise for cognitive neural processing and a duration of at least 30 min. When designing exercise programs, it is important to consider the combination of different components of exercise and to tailor personalized, precise interventions based on individual differences in depressive symptoms and target areas.

Why physically active people report lower anxiety than those who are inactive is not well understood. This study examined whether physical self-concept and self-esteem would mediate associations of self-reported physical activity with anxiety disorder symptoms in young women, a population with elevated risk for developing an anxiety disorder. College women (N = 1036, mean ± SD = 19.7 ± 2.9 yr) completed a physical activity recall, the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire, and the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypotheses. Physical activity had inverse, indirect associations with symptoms of social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder that were expressed through its positive association with specific and global physical self-concept and self-esteem. The results were independent of similar relations with symptoms of major depressive disorder as well as the estimates of body fatness and use of psychotropic medications. These correlational findings provide initial evidence to warrant experimental efficacy trials of whether physical activity will reduce the risk of anxiety disorders in young women by positive influences on physical self-concept and self-esteem.

Identifying Clusters of College Students at Elevated Health Risk Based on Eating and Exercise Behaviors and Psychosocial Determinants of Body Weight

Background: Obesity and overweight have been studied for many years. Especially in recent years, studies on the subject have gained momentum with the increase in obesity prevalence. Regular physical activity is extremely important for the prevention of overweight and obesity. The most effective and easily sustained exercises according to health risks are aerobic ones. Effective intensity, duration and frequency characteristics for physical activity in obese individuals are controversial. This study was conducted to investigate cardiovascular responses to aerobic exercise at moderate intensity in obese university students. Methods: A total of 26 obese university students (aged 18-24 years) voluntarily participated in the study. Two participants who did not meet the study criteria were excluded from the study. A total of 24 participants (12 males, 12 females) who met these criteria were administered a moderate aerobic exercise programme for a total of 6 weeks, 3 training sessions per week. Then, body weight, height, body mass index, body fat percentage, waist-hip circumference, waist-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure values were taken. Results: It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the waist and hip circumferences of the participants (p0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic exercises performed at all three exercise intensities had a significant effect on the measured parameters of obese university students. It is recommended that future studies should apply the exercise protocols used in our study on large populations and different age groups.

Objective To understand physical exercises and associated factors among college students COVID-19 pandemic, and to provide a reference for promoting physical exercise of college students at home. Methods A convenient questionnaire survey was used to investigate the physical exercise and associated factors of 1 132 college students in 6 colleges in Beijing. Results A total of 1 033(91.25%) college students participated in physical exercise; with an average of (3.33±1.99) times per week, the length of each exercise was (39.24±13.23) min, and the subjective sense of exercise intensity was (2.61±0.99). Differences in exercise frequency, duration and intensity differed significantly by gender ( P <0.05). Differences in exercise frequency were significantly by grades and places of residence ( P <0.05). The exercise items of college students differed by genders and places of residence were statistically significant ( P <0.05). Students with different exercise motivations showed significant differences in exercise behaviors ( P <0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that grade, lack of interest in exercise, limited venues, incomplete equipment, family sports atmosphere, and school requirements were associated with participation in physical exercise behavior at home ( P <0.05). Conclusion The status of home physical exercise for college students needs to be improved. It is necessary to combine college students’ exercise motivation and characteristics of exercise items based on school physical education, and to establish a family-school-society network interactive platform to form an effective linkage mechanism to promote college students’ active participation in physical exercise at home. 【摘要】 目的 了解新型冠状病毒肺炎（简称 “新冠肺炎” ）疫情期间大学生体育锻炼行为现状及影响因素, 为促进大学 生居家体育锻炼提供参考。 方法 方便抽取北京市6所高校1 132名大学生利用问卷星进行体育锻炼行为与影响因素问 卷调查。 结果 1 033名（91.25%)大学生居家参与体育锻炼, 每周锻炼频次为（3.33±1.99)次, 每次锻炼时长为（39.24± 13.23)min, 锻炼强度主观感觉值为（2.61±0.99)。不同性别大学生锻炼频次、时长和强度差异均有统计学意义, 不同年级 和居住地大学生锻炼频次差异有统计学意义( P 值均<0.05);不同性别、居住地大学生锻炼项目差异有统计学意义（ P 值均 <0.05);不同锻炼动机大学生锻炼行为差异有统计学意义（ P 值均<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示, 年级、缺乏锻炼 兴趣、场地受限、器械不全、家庭运动氛围、学校要求是大学生居家参与体育锻炼行为的影响因素（ P 值均<0.05)。 结论 大学生居家体育锻炼现状有待改善, 应结合大学生锻炼动机和锻炼项目特征, 基于学校体育教学, 建立家庭-学校-社会的 网络互动平台, 形成有效联动机制, 促进大学生居家积极参与体育锻炼的行为。

Background: The persistence of college students’ physical exercise behavior has an important impact on their physical health level and their positive psychological effects. The health behavior ecology model is more comprehensive and progressive than other exercise psychology theories in explaining the effect of physical activity intervention on long-term maintenance. Based on this, In this study, using the socio-ecological model theory as the entry point, applying five different levels of influencing factors in the theoretical model to the field of adolescent physical exercise behavior, The aim is to seek the internal connection between the ecological factors that promote college students’ physical exercise behavior through the investigation, so as to provide corresponding intervention strategies for promoting the healthy development of their physical fitness. So as to promote the formation of college students’ physical exercise habits. Methods: In 2023, 1015 college students were surveyed by questionnaire and measurement scale, followed by descriptive statistical analysis of college students’ current physical exercise behavior, and factor analysis of ecological factors affecting college students’ physical exercise. Results: From the behavior characteristics of college students’ physical exercise, different gender of college students in physical exercise, weekly exercise, exercise time is very significant difference (P &lt; 0.001), the boys in sports participation higher than girls 15.2%, choose occasionally exercise boy’s ratio 10% higher than girls, girls do not participate in exercise more than boys. In terms of exercise time, a few boys choose to do physical exercise on weekends; the proportion of boys in more than 60 min of physical exercise is 7 percentage points higher than girls. In the time of extracurricular exercise, support of parents and physical exercise (P &lt; 0.05), there was no significant difference between male and female students in the aspects of intensity of each exercise, participation in sports competition and reasons for not exercise (P &gt; 0.05). The principal component analysis of the influencing factors of college students’ physical exercise behavior was conducted from the individual, family, school, community, and policy levels. The KOM value was 0.984, which met the judgment criteria of factor analysis. Through principal component analysis of the above five levels, according to the requirements of factors greater than 1, the individual level, family level, school level and policy level respectively two factors, corresponding cumulative contribution rate is 56.545%, 595.350%, 64.870% and 85.700% respectively, community level three factors, corresponding to the cumulative contribution rate of 76.450%. Conclusion: The advantage of the health behavior ecology model is that the comprehensive intervention strategies based on multi-level, multi-level effects greatly expand people’s understanding of the intervention. This model is applied to the field of physical health promotion of college students, to study human exercise behavior through the joint action of physiological, psychological and environmental factors, so as to more comprehensively reveal the various factors of exercise behavior, as well as the mutual relationship and influence between them. The results of this study indicate that: among the ecological factors that affect the physical exercise behavior of college students, the individual factors of college students are a necessary condition for physical exercise, while family, school and community factors affect the direction of the change and development of college students’ physical exercise behavior. Policy factors are a powerful driving force for college students’ physical exercise behavior. Only by considering the relationship between the relevant factors can we better understand the characteristics of college students’ physical exercise development, put forward the corresponding intervention strategies, and promote the formation of college students’ physical exercise habits through effective ways.

Background: This study applied self-determination theory to investigate the mediating effect of basic psychological needs between exercise autonomy support and exercise behavior, to construct a path model for promoting college students' participation in physical exercise, and to provide a theoretical basis for intervention of college students' physical exercise behavior. Method: A questionnaire survey was conducted using convenience sampling. The Autonomy Support Scale, Basic Psychological Needs Scale, and Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 (PARS-3) questionnaires were used. Participants were 1,155 college students (age 19.38 ± 0.979; 524 males, 631 females). Statistical methods of regression analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. Results: Exercise autonomy supports significant predictor of physical exercise behavior (β= 0.235, R2= 0.06, P&lt;0.01). Basic psychological needs for exercise had a full mediation effect between exercise autonomy support and exercise behavior (β=0.304, R2=0.11, P&lt;0.01), and the indirect effect was 4.085. Conclusion: The satisfaction of basic psychological needs is an important mediator of the role of autonomy support in the process of college students' exercise behavior. College students perceive that the higher the level of teachers' autonomy support, the more conducive to the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of individuals, thus prompting them to actively participate in physical exercise and form an autonomous and regular physical exercise lifestyle.

Relationships between depression, gender, and unhealthy weight loss practices among overweight or obese college students

The purpose of this study was to discuss the effect of trinity (i.e., diet management course, regular exercise and change of living habits) intervention on contemporary overweight or obese college students in controlling their weight. By employing questionnaire survey, biochemical detection and trinity intervention method, this study aims to study the selected overweight or obese college students’ abilities to control their weight, change in Body Mass Index (BMI) and improvement in physical and mental health through 8-week intervention. According to the study, the following results have been achieved: 1) after the intervention, the subjects showed remarkable decline in weight, especially male students; 2) there was no significant difference in Fasting Blood-Glucose (FBG) and cholesterol for both male and female students, but their triglyceride drops significantly; 3) the subjects had more knowledge in daily diet; for example, they knew well the relationship between food fiber and disease and the secret to control weight, fat reduction and health, etc. 4) the subjects did better in diet change, food selection and dietary behavior, etc. The study shows that lose-weight trinity intervention plan is effective in changing abnormal rate of obese or overweight college students’ healthy weight.

To examine self-reported physical activity levels from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) as an independent predictor of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-measured percent body fat (%BF) from body mass index (BMI), gender, and race. Two hundred and seventy-eight students, aged 18-24 yr, volunteered to participate. There were 133 males (85 white and 48 black) and 145 females (77 white and 68 black). Total activity levels were quantified in MET hours per week (MET h wk(-1)) using the IPAQ short form. Height and weight were measured, and BMI values were calculated (kg m(-2)). %BF was assessed using DXA. Linear regression analysis was used to develop and compare a body fat prediction equation with (full) and without (reduced) the variable MET-h.wk. Both models included BMI, gender, and race as predictor variables. The prediction sum of squares (PRESS) statistic was used to cross-validate both models, and the individual predictive accuracy was compared using modified Bland-Altman plots. Mean +/- SD values were as follows: BMI = 24.4 +/- 4.1 kg m(-2), %BF = 24.5 +/- 9.3%, and MET h wk(-1) = 37.4 +/- 21.9. Gender, BMI, and race explained 81% of the variance in %BF, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.07. The full model with MET-h.wk improved the prediction of %BF by 2% (R2 = 0.83, RMSE = 3.87). When cross-validated, the corresponding PRESS statistics for the reduced and full model were 4.10 and 3.90, respectively. Bland-Altman limits of agreement were greater for the reduced model compared with the full model (-8.09, 8.10 vs -7.67, 7.68). These results suggest that %BF can be predicted with greater precision and accuracy in a young adult population when MET-h.wk are included in addition to BMI, gender, and race.

This study investigates the effects of exercise intensity and duration on executive functions among college students in China. Participants in this study were Chinese college students divided into four groups based on exercise duration and intensity. Each group engaged in physical exercise twice a week for six weeks. Group 1 performed low-intensity exercises for 10 min per session; Group 2 performed low-intensity exercises for 20 min per session; Group 3 performed high-intensity exercises for 10 min per session; and Group 4 performed high-intensity exercise for 20 min per session. Executive functions were assessed in all subjects before the experiment (time 1), after one exercise session (time 2), at the end of the exercise program (time 3), and six weeks after the exercise program (time 4). A mixed ANOVA with a 2 (exercise intensity: low/high) × 2 (duration: short/long) × 4 (time of measurement: time 1/time 2/time 3/time 4) design was employed, with exercise intensity and exercise duration as independent variables and executive functions as the dependent variable. Mixed ANOVA showed that the results revealed a significant main effect of measurement time on working memory accuracy (p < 0.001) and reaction time (p < 0.001); inhibition control accuracy (p < 0.001) and reaction time (p < 0.001); cognitive flexibility accuracy (p < 0.001) and reaction time (p < 0.001). A single session of high-intensity exercise significantly improved executive functions in college students. Both low-intensity and high-intensity exercise were effective in enhancing executive functions, with high-intensity exercise demonstrating better maintenance of the effect. Both exercise intensity and exercise duration were found to enhance executive functions in college students, with exercise intensity showing greater effectiveness than exercise duration.

PURPOSE: Investigate the bone mineral density(BMD) of college students, and analyze the characteristics of the BMD of low/normal obese college students. METHODS: The subjects of the study were 519 low/normal-weight students(18-23 years old), including 383 women and 136 men. The dual-energy X-ray test method was used to detect the percentage of body fat and BMD of college students. The BMD of obese people with low/normal weight was compared with those of non-obese people. Partial correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between body mass index(BMI), body fat percentage(BF%) and BMD. RESULTS: 1)Among the low-weight male college students, the whole body BMD, T-value and Z-value of the low weight obese students were lower than those of the low weight non-obese students (2.01 ± 0.22 vs 1.82 ± 0.04 g/cm2; -0.02 ± 0.15 vs -1.10 ± 0.24;-0.01 ± 0.43 vs -0.94 ± 0.64,P < 0.01);2)Among low-weight male college students, the BMD of the upper limbs, thighs, ribs, and pelvis of the low weight obese students was lower than that of the low weight non-obese students (0.68 ± 0.03 vs 0.57 ± 0.01; 1.20 ± 0.04 vs 0.96 ± 0.02;0.87 ± 0.04 vs 0.79 ± 0.06;0.78 ± 0.02 vs 0.69 ± 0.04; 0.91 ± 0.06 vs 0.77 ± 0.06 g/cm2,P < 0.01);3)Among low-weight female college students, the body BMD of the low weight obese students was lower than that of the low weight non-obese students (1.31 ± 0.29 vs 1.13 ± 0.48 g/cm2; P < 0.05);4)Among low-weight female college students, the BMD of the head, upper limbs, thighs, and trunk of the low weight obese students was lower than that of the low weight non-obese students (1.48 ± 0.57 vs 1.23 ± 0.72; 0.74 ± 0.13 vs 0.65 ± 0.20;1.07 ± 0.10 vs 1.02 ± 0.11;0.86 ± 0.07 vs 0.82 ± 0.07 g/cm2,P < 0.05); 5)In male college students, BMI was positively correlated with BMD, T-value and Z value (r = 0.694; 0.676; 0.612,P < 0.01), while BF% was negatively correlated with BMD, T-value and Z value (r = -0.523; -0.509; -0.488,P < 0.01); 6)In female college students, BMI was positively correlated with T-value and Z-value(r = 0.455; 0.261,P < 0.01), and BF% was negatively correlated with T-value and Z-value(r = -0.224; -0.225,P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Low/Normal weight obese college students have poorer bone mineral density. Intervention to promote BMD in this population is of great significance for the prevention of osteoporosis.

Central obesity is a condition of excess fat accumulation in the abdomen. Lifestyle factors such as consuming high-fat foods, low fiber intake, and low physical activity can contribute to central obesity. The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of obesity, dietary habits, and body image perception in college students at Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University. This quantitative study was conducted using a cross-sectional design in the Nutrition Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, UNTIRTA, in November 2022.The population of the study was students of the Nutrition Study Program, batch 2020-2022, with a total of 121 students. A sample of 80 students was selected using a total sampling method. The results of the study showed that central obesity in college students was mostly caused by unhealthy lifestyle factors, such as not following a healthy lifestyle, unhealthy eating patterns, and low physical activity. Of the respondents, 67 (80.72%) did not follow a healthy lifestyle, while 13 (15.66%) followed a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet. Most respondents (66.27%) had the habit of consuming fast food, with a frequency of consumption of 3 times per week in 24.1% of cases. The majority of respondents (63.86%) did not have the habit of exercising. These findings suggest that unhealthy lifestyle factors are major contributors to central obesity in college students of nutrition at Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University.

Smartphone addiction (SA) refers to a behavioral disorder characterized by an irresistible compulsion to excessively engage with mobile devices. Currently, the evidence regarding the relationship between physical activity (PA), exercise intensity (EI), and SA is limited, particularly within Chinese populations. This study aims to explore the correlation between PA, EI, and SA, specifically investigating how PA and EI impact SA to better understand the nature of this relationship. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving college students from over 20 universities in Western China. Data were collected on participants' engagement in PA, EI, and SA. Additionally, covariates such as age, gender, ethnicity, academic classification, university location, discipline, year of study, hometown region, sibling status, relationship status, and social interactions were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between PA, EI, and SA. Stratified and interaction analyses were performed to examine whether the relationship remained consistent across different subgroups. Of the 3,506 college students surveyed, 1,905 (54.3%) experienced SA. The prevalence of SA was 11.3% lower in the group that engaged in PA compared to those who did not. In the fully adjusted model, PA was negatively associated with SA (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.59-0.82, p < 0.001). EI was also inversely associated with SA. Moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise had odds ratios of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.67-0.98, p = 0.034) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.68-1.00, p = 0.046), respectively, compared with low-intensity exercise. Similar patterns were observed in subgroup analyses (all p values for interaction >0.05). The findings indicate a significant negative association between PA, EI, and SA, highlighting the potential of promoting PA and higher EI as strategies to reduce SA among college students.