Relationship between Loneliness and Self-Efficacy Among Persons with Schizophrenia in Indonesia

Abstract

Background: Loneliness in persons with schizophrenia have shown associate with depression and promotes suicide among persons with schizophrenia. Individual and environmental factors are also recognized as related factors. The environmental factors are lack of social scope and support. While one of the individual factors is self-efficacy. Objective: To determine the level of loneliness among persons with schizophrenia in Indonesia, and to evaluate the relationship of loneliness with sociodemographic characteristics and clinical factors, and to assess the modifying effects of self-efficacy. Methods: This study was a correlational study with 132 respondents. Correlation analyses were performed to examine the relationship between loneliness and self-efficacy using The UCLA Loneliness Scale and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) questionnaire to collect the data. Results: This study found that the mean of loneliness among persons with schizophrenia score was 46.05 (SD = 7.16). There were no relationships between several sociodemographic characteristics and clinical factors to loneliness, however, there was a negative correlation between self-efficacy and loneliness among persons with schizophrenia (ρ = -0.180, p-value = 0.04). Conclusion: There was a correlation between self-efficacy and loneliness among persons with schizophrenia. Therefore, it is recommended that mental health professionals provide sources of self-efficacy to minimize loneliness in this population. Keywords: loneliness; self-efficacy; schizophrenia, mental illness