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SUMMARY This research uses TRA and TAM as structure to examine that whether perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, security and trust, attitude, subjective norm and intention to use have impact on company’s intention to outsource cloud application and information security. This research distributed hand-write and online questionnaires to participants. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS. After analysis, we get the conclusion as follows. ”Security and trust” is positively related to “perceived usefulness”. “Perceived usefulness” is positively related to ”intention to use”. “Perceived usefulness” is positively related to ”attitude”. ”Perceived ease of use” is positively related to ”attitude”.”Security and trust” is positively related to ”subjective norm”. ”Subjective norm” is positively related to ”attitude”. ”Attitude” is positively related to ”intention to use”. “Subjective norm” is positively related to ”intention to use”. Key words: Cloud Application, Information Security, Outsourcing Cooperation, TAM, TRA INTRODUCITON Cloud application and information security have drawn many attentions. Many companies do researches about cloud application and information security’s influence on companies’ operating competition and risks. Meanwhile, they also consider outsourcing to lower cost and risk as well. This way, they could also make technology application more competitive and enhance information security management. Despite the fact that cloud application and information security system can raise company’s competitiveness, there are just a small number of corporations adopt cloud application and information security system. Therefore, this study wants to find out the the key factor of enterprise for outsourcing cooperation by “cloud service” about cloud application and information security management. This research uses TRA and TAM as structure to examine that whether perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, security and trust, attitude, subjective norm and intention to use have impact on company’s intention to outsource cloud application and information security. This research distributed hand-write and online questionnaires to participants. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS. We conduct factor analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, validity analysis and SEM. The results show that ”Security and trust” is positively related to “perceived usefulness”; “Perceived usefulness” is positively related to ”intention to use”; “Perceived usefulness” is positively related to ”attitude”; ”Perceived ease of use” is positively related to ”attitude”; ”Security and trust” is positively related to ”subjective norm”; ”Subjective norm” is positively related to ”attitude”; ”Attitude” is positively related to ”intention to use” and “Subjective norm” is positively related to ”intention to use”. Finally, we get the conclusion that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, security and trust, attitude, subjective norm and intention to use have impact on company’s intention to outsource cloud application and information security. MATERIALS AND METHODS This research uses TRA and TAM as structure to examine that whether perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, security and trust, attitude, subjective norm and intention to use have impact on company’s intention to outsource cloud application and information security. TRA and TAM are adopted widely in lots of domestic and abroad researches. Therefore, TRA and TAM could be the main structure in this study. As for questionnaires, we use items from previous studies that already had been examined and proved. We also conduct pre-test to make sure the validity and reliability of each item. Formal hand-write and online questionnaires were distributed to company owners, department managers and general staff who work in Science Park, Software Park and Industry Park in Taiwan then. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS. We conduct factor analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, validity analysis and SEM. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This research distributed hand-write and online questionnaires to participants. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS. After analysis, we get the conclusion as follows. ”Security and trust” is positively related to “perceived usefulness”. “Perceived usefulness” is positively related to ”intention to use”. “Perceived usefulness” is positively related to ”attitude”. ”Perceived ease of use” is positively related to ”attitude”.”Security and trust” is positively related to ”subjective norm”. ”Subjective norm” is positively related to ”attitude”. ”Attitude” is positively related to ”intention to use”. “Subjective norm” is positively related to ”intention to use”. Table 4-24：Summary Of Regression Analysis Of Hypotheses Hypotheses Results H1：”Security and trust” is positively related to “perceived usefulness”. Support H2：“Perceived usefulness” is positively related to ”intention to use”. Support H3：“Perceived usefulness” is positively related to ”attitude”. Support H4：”Perceived ease of use” is positively related to ”attitude”. Support H5：”Security and trust” is positively related to ”subjective norm”. Support H6：”Subjective norm” is positively related to ”attitude”. Support H7：”Attitude” is positively related to ”intention to use”. Support H8：“Subjective norm” is positively related to ”intention to use”. Support CONCLUSION From the results gathered by analysis, we get the conclusion that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, security and trust, attitude, subjective norm and intention to use have impact on company’s intention to outsource cloud application and information security. Cloud application and information security system can raise company’s competitiveness; however, build and maintain cloud application and information security system may be a problem to some small companies. This way, outsourcing cloud application and information security system may be a better way to them. The results of this research can provide a clear view to the key factors that affect companies’ intention to outsourcing. The sample of this research is from every kind of job, so the results may be different. It depends on what kinf of sample we use. As a result, we suggest that future studies can compare the difference between different samples. This research take TRA and TAM as structure, we suggest that future researches can adopt different structure to find the The key factor of Enterprise for outsourcing cooperation by “Cloud Service” about cloud application & information security management.

Reasoning about relations between words or entities plays an important role in human cognition. It is thus essential for a computational system which processes human languages to be able to understand the semantics of relations to simulate human intelligence. Automatic relation learning provides valuable information for many natural language processing tasks including ontology creation, question answering and machine translation, to name a few. This need brings us to the topic of this thesis where the main goal is to explore multiple resources and methodologies to effectively represent relations between words. How to effectively represent semantic relations between words remains a problem that is underexplored. A line of research makes use of relational patterns, which are the linguistic contexts in which two words co-occur in a corpus to infer a relation between them (e.g., X leads to Y). This approach suffers from data sparseness because not every related word-pair co-occurs even in a large corpus. In contrast, prior work on learning word embeddings have found that certain relations between words could be captured by applying linear arithmetic operators on the corresponding pre-trained word embeddings. Specifically, it has been shown that the vector offset (expressed as PairDiff) from one word to the other in a pair encodes the relation that holds between them, if any. Such a compositional method addresses the data sparseness by inferring a relation from constituent words in a word-pair and obviates the need of relational patterns. This thesis investigates the best way to compose word embeddings to represent relational instances. A systematic comparison is carried out for unsupervised operators, which in general reveals the superiority of the PairDiff operator on multiple word embedding models and benchmark datasets. Despite the empirical success, no theoretical analysis has been conducted so far explaining why and under what conditions PairDiff is optimal. To this end, a theoretical analysis is conducted for the generalised bilinear operators that can be used to measure the relational distance between two word-pairs. The main conclusion is that, under certain assumptions, the bilinear operator can be simplified to a linear form, where the widely used PairDiff operator is a special case. Multiple recent works raised concerns about existing unsupervised operators for inferring relations from pre-trained word embeddings. Thus, the question of whether it is possible to learn better parametrised relational compositional operators is addressed in this thesis. A supervised relation representation operator is proposed using a non-linear neural network that performs relation prediction. The evaluation on two benchmark datasets reveals that the penultimate layer of the trained neural network-based relational predictor acts as a good representation for the relations between words. Because we believe that both relational patterns and word embeddings provide complementary information to learn relations, a self-supervised context-guided relation embedding method that is trained on the two sources of information has been proposed. Experimentally, incorporating relational contexts shows improvement in the performance of a compositional operator for representing unseen word-pairs. Besides unstructured text corpora, knowledge graphs provide another source for relational facts in the form of nodes (i.e., entities) connected by edges (i.e., relations). Knowledge graphs are employed widely in natural language processing applications such as question answering and dialogue systems. Embedding entities and relations in a graph have shown impressive results for inferring previously unseen relations between entities. This thesis contributes to developing a theoretical model to infer a relationship between the connections in the graph and the embeddings of entities and relations. Learning graph embeddings that satisfy the proven theorem demonstrates efficient performance compared to existing heuristically derived graph embedding methods. As graph embedding methods generate representations for only existing relation types, a relation composition task is proposed in the thesis to tackle this limitation.

Objectives To explore the influence of γ-ray total body irradiation (TBI) from a 60Co source induced mice thymus injury on expression levels of forkhead box protein N (Foxn) 1 and related genes, and to analyze the correlation between expression levels of Foxn1, related genes and thymus injury. Methods Sixty five male C57BL/6 mice were chosen as subjects during November and December 2014. Inclusion criteria for choosing mice: all these mice are 6-8 weeks old specific pathogen free (SPF) animals, and weighting between 18.0-21.0 g. Thirty-five mice were randomly devided into 4 groups: ① Lethal total body irradiation (L-TBI) 5 d group (n=10), mice received a total dose of 7.5 Gy γ-ray TBI from a 60Co source; ② Sublethal total body irradiation (SL-TBI) 5 d group (n=10), mice received a total dose of 5.5 Gy TBI; ③SL-TBI 24 d group (n=10), mice received a total dose of 5.5 Gy TBI; ④Control group (n=5), untreated mice were used as control. Thymus were collected on day 5 after TBI from mice in L-TBI 5 d group, SL-TBI 5 d group and control group, and on day 24 after TBI from mice in SL-TBI 24 d group. For inducing thymus injury by using gradient doses of γ-ray TBI from a 60Co source, the rest 30 mice were randomly delivered into 6 groups, including 0 Gy group (n=5), 1.0 Gy group (n=5), 2.0 Gy group (n=5), 3.0 Gy group (n=5), 4.0 Gy group (n=5) and 5.0 Gy group (n=5). Thymuses were collected on day 5 after gradient doses of TBI. The dose rate of irradiation was 0.5 Gy/min in all TBI settings of this research. The proportion of thymocyte subsets and thymus epithelial cells (TEC) were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to detect the mRNA levels of Foxn1 and related genes. Cell counts in thymus and relative expression levels of Foxn1 and related genes in those 4 groups were compared. Correlation between mRNA levels of Foxn1 and interleukin (IL)-22, mRNA levels of Foxn1 and counts of thymocyte subsets and thymic epithelial cell (TEC) were analyzed. Results ① There were statistical significance of total cells in thymus tissue, double positive (DP) thymocytes, CD4+ single positive (SP) thymocytes and CD8+ SP thymocytes among L-TBI 5 d group, SL-TBI 5 d group, SL-TBI 24 d group and control group[averages of total cells were (32.3±6.1)×106, (39.2±8.1)×106, (187.2±20.3)×106 and (282.5±20.3)×106 respectively; median of DP thymocytes were 4.1×106, 0.5×106, 123.3×106 and 240.3×106 respectively; median of CD4+ SP thymocytes were 5.2×106, 10.4×106, 26.8×106 and 20.5×106 respectively; median of CD8+ SP thymocytes were 1.9×106, 2.4×106, 10.2×106 and 6.5×106 respectively; F/χ2=310.471, 17.863, 16.352, 16.419; P=0.000, 0.000, 0.001, 0.001]. But there were no statistical significance of double negative (DN) 2, DN3 thymocytes and TEC among 4 groups (median of DN2 and DN3 thymocytes were 2.2×106, 9.8×106, 4.8×106 and 8.1×106 respectively; media of TEC were 1.9×106, 4.6×106, 2.5×106 and 3.3×106 respectively; χ2=7.574, 7.241; P=0.056, 0.065). Comparing with control group, total cells were significantly declined in L-TBI 5 d group and SL-TBI 5 d group (P=0.000, 0.000); DP thymocytes were also significantly declined in L-TBI 5 d group and SL-TBI 5 d group (P=0.045, 0.001). Comparing with SL-TBI 5 d group, counts of total cell and DP thymocytes were increased in SL-TBI 24 d group (P=0.000, 0.045). ② There were statistical significance of mRNA relative expression levels of Foxn1 and IL-22 among L-TBI 5 d group, SL-TBI 5 d group, SL-TBI 24 d group and control group (averages relative expression levels of Foxn1 mRNA were 15.2±1.2, 10.8±1.1, 6.6±0.8 and 1.0±0.1 respectively; averages relative expression levels of IL-22 mRNA were 11.2±0.8, 7.2±1.2, 4.4±0.5 and 1.0±0.1 respectively; F=233.971, 161.067; P=0.000, 0.000). Comparing with control group, relative expression levels of Foxn1 mRNA were significantly increased in L-TBI 5 d group and SL-TBI 5 d group (P=0.000, 0.000); relative expression levels of IL-22 mRNA were also significantly increased in L-TBI 5 d group and SL-TBI 5 d group (P=0.000, 0.000). Comparing with SL-TBI 5 d group, relative expression levels of Foxn1 and IL-22 mRNA were significantly decreased in SL-TBI 24 d group (P=0.000, 0.000). Relative expression levels of Foxn1 mRNA positively correlated with relative expression levels of IL-22 mRNA (r=0.976, P<0.05). ③ After TBI of gradient doses, relative expression levels of Foxn1 mRNA of 6 gradient doses groups showed a negative correlation with the counts of DP thymocytes (r=-0.930, P<0.05). ④ There were statistical significance of relative expression levels of CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 25, delta like ligand (DLL) 4, autoimmune regulator (Aire) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 mRNA among L-TBI 5 d group, SL-TBI 5 d group and control group (average relative expression levels of CCL25 mRNA were 11.2±1.5, 11.4±1.2 and 1.0±0.1, respectively; averages relative expression levels of DLL4 mRNA were 7.3±0.9, 6.3±0.3 and 1.0±0.1, respectively; averages relative expression levels of Aire mRNA were 5.1±1.0, 5.0±0.1 and 1.0±0.1, respectively; averages relative expression levels of BMP4 mRNA were 4.4±1.4, 3.6±0.5 and 1.0±0.1, respectively; F=148.862, 197.667, 73.911, 21.471; P=0.000, 0.000, 0.000 , 0.000). However, there were no statistical significance of relative expression levels of homeobox protein (Hox)a3 mRNA, an upstream gene of Foxn1 among these 3 groups (1.4±0.4, 0.8±0.3, 1.0±0.1; F=5.368, P=0.221). Comparing with control group, relative expression levels of CCL25, DLL4, Aire and BMP4 mRNA were significantly increased in L-TBI 5 d group (P=0.000, 0.000, 0.000); and relative expression levels of CCL25, DLL4, Aire and BMP4 mRNA were also significantly increased in SL-TBI 5 d group (P=0.000, 0.000, 0.000). Meanwhile, relative expression levels of BMP4 mRNA were increased in L-TBI 5 d group and SL-TBI 5 d group comparing to control group (P=0.000, 0.000). Conclusions γ-ray TBI from a 60Co source induces upregulation of intrathymic mRNA levels of Foxn1 and thymus function related genes, which correlates with the pathological process of thymus injury. Key words: Whn protein; Thymus gland; Whole-body irradiation; Mice

This study examines the issue of own brand manufacturing (OBM) for Taiwanese firms in the electronic and information technology industries. This group of firms obtains the majority of their sales by manufacturing products under their foreign buyers’ brands. This practice of original equipment manufacturing (OEM) offers the benefits of scale and efficiencies. However, the price is ever-lowering profit margins and losing touch with the final consumers. Capitalizing on this critical upgrading issue facing practitioners, I draw upon the network literature to examine the impact of buyer relations and supplier relations on firm’s OBM sales and subjective OBM performance. In addition to the network literature, I also borrow the identity literature to highlight the unique psychological need of this group of firms. The network literature has uncovered many benefits offered by networking. On the supplier network side, the industry cluster effect manifests itself in various industry success stories such as the IT industry in Silicon Valley, the automobile industry in Japan, and the textile industry in Italy. While Taiwanese firms also benefit from their local supplier network such as the industry cluster Shin Chu Scientific Park, I propose that one majo, learning source for Taiwanese firms is their foreign buyers. Since these buyers own well-known brands, it’s only natural for their Taiwanese partners to look to them for brand management knowledge. However, while I hypothesize that both supplier and buyer relations are positively related to the focal Taiwanese firm’s OBM sales and OBM performance, the network literature has also cautioned against an overoptimistic view of buyer relations. Being too close to one’s buyer sometime may lock the firm into a dead end. Coupling with the fact that many Taiwanese firms are yet to see the benefits of their OBM operations after years of investment, it is particularly important to test the aspiration for learning from the key buyer against the empirical reality. Similar to my motivation to anchor the network theory in the Taiwanese context, I include identity to highlight the unique psychological need of Taiwanese firms. Identity as applied in this study captures the pride of being a Taiwanese firm, not just being a unique firm. This treatment may sound strange to Westerners who are used to the rational view of organization, but many of my interviewees from my field study unanimously proclaim that they are not in the business simply to make a profit. Instead, they are looking fro respect. Aiming to make my study more than just a replicate of Western theories, I therefore include identity as my lead independent variable contributing to both OBM sales and OBM performance in this study. To test my hypotheses that buyer relations, supplier relations and identity are all positively related to OBM sales and OBM performance, I surveyed 124 firms in the electronic and information technology industries in 1998. I received 57 responses, resulting in a response rate of 18.5%. I asked the respondent from each firm to estimate the percentage of the firm’s OBM sales over total sales for last year, this year and next year. I take the average of these three numbers to measure the first dependent variable: OBM sales. As for the second dependent variable of subjective OBM performance, I asked the respondent to evaluate name recognition, growth rate, profits, long-term competitiveness, and intraoganizational coordination contributed by the firm’s OBM operations on seven-point Likert scales. In regard to independent variables, I used four items to measure both buyer relations and supplier relations. I asked the respondent to evaluate the closeness of the firm’s relations with its key buyer (supplier) on seven-point Likert scales. Lastly, I designed four original items to measure identity. In essence, identity measures the extent participants feel proud of being Taiwanese firms. I also included seven control variables in the final regression analyses: industry, age, numbers of foreign subsidiary, export percentage, global strategy, local strategy and transnational strategy. Since I collected data from one key informant in each firm, I conducted factor analyses to establish the convergent and divergent validity of my three independent variables. I also tested predictive validity by running correlation analyses between my key variables and other redundant items embedded in my survey. Both test turned in satisfactory results. Results pertaining to OBM sales are not very encouraging. Of the three independent variables, only supplier relations is significantly related to OBM sales. Furthermore, the sign is negative. In other words, the closer the focal firm is to its key supplier, the lower the focal firm’s OBM sales. This puzzle makes more sense if we interpret OBM sales as the reverse of OEM sales. Since Taiwanese firms still engage in more OEM that OBM, a close supplier relations naturally will contribute positively to OEM, and negatively to OBM. One the other hand, results from OBM performance confirm that both identity and supplier relations are significantly and positively related to OBM performance. However, the independent variable of buyer relations fails to show any significant effect again. Overall, results of this study indicate that supplier relations promote the reverse of OBM sales, i.e., OEM sales, and that supplier relations is positively related to subjective OBM performance. This study therefore confirms the positive industry cluster effect found in the literature. Second, the most significant finding of this study is the role played by identity. Although it does not show any positive effect on OBM sales, it is the most crucial variable explaining subjective OBM performance. This finding highlights the uniqueness of my study sample and echoes the need to combine indigenous constructs with the mainstream literature to contribute to the field. Lastly, the inability of buyer relations to show any effect on OBM sales and subjective OBM performance cautions us not to get too optimistic about buyer relations. Even if the thorny issues of trust, opportunism and learning race disappear, the focal firm’s own absorptive capacity may not be enough for it to make the leap from OEM to OBM. This leap asks the firm to engage in the daunting task of switching from exploitation to exploration. However, the recent phenomenal success of Samsung indicates that Asian brands other that Japanese can still earn a respectable spot on the global stage. Hopefully, this study has made a small step toward dispelling the myth of OBM.

در این مطالعه، به بررسی تغییر پذیری و تحلیل نوسان های بارش های حدی غرب و شمال غرب کشور با استفاده از آزمون های آماری تحلیل طیفی و من کندال در نیم سده گذشته پرداخته شده است. فراسنج‌های مورد مطالعه عبارتند از نمایه‌های دور پیوندی NAO، AO، ENSO و MEI، کلف‌های خورشیدی و مراکز فشار شامل کم‌فشار مدیترانه، کم‌فشار دریای سیاه، کم‌فشار سودان و پرفشار سیبری است. بدین منظور از 8 ایستگاه همدید، که دارای آمار 50 سال اخیر (1961-2010) هستند، و همچنین از 10 نمایه حدی بارش استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که تنها در ایستگاه سنندج روند نمایه های حدی بارش افزایشی بوده است. گرچه برخی از نمایه‌ها در ایستگاه‌هایی محدود دارای روندی افزایشی بوده اند، اما بطور کلی نتایج نشان می‌دهد که بارش‌های حدی این منطقه در طی 50 سال گذشته دارای روندی کاهشی است که این روند کاهشی در ارتباط با رفتار نمایه‌های دورپیوندی AO، NAO و ENSO و همچنین مراکز فشار تأثیرگذار بر بارش منطقه اعم از پرفشار سیبری، کم فشار سودانی و کم فشار مدیترانه است و سبب کاهش در بارش ها در غرب و شمال غرب کشور می شوند. نتایج تحلیل طیفی نشان می دهد که چرخه فرین های بارش در درجه اول در ارتباط با چرخه شدت و ضعف مرکز کم فشار مدیترانه و چرخه های 2 تا 3 ساله آن است. همچنین در بین نمایه های دور پیوندی، بیش از همه چرخه بارش های حدی در ارتباط با چرخه 3 تا 5 ساله نمایه انسو می باشد، بگونه ای که در تمام ایستگاه ها نمایه انسو با بارش های حدی منطقه مورد مطالعه دارای ارتباط است. لازم به توضیح است که تأثیر کلف های خورشیدی بر بارش های منطقه مورد مطالعه بسیار محدود بوده و تنها در ایستگاه ارومیه، چرخه نمایه مقدار سالانه بارش روزهای تر متناظر با چرخه 11 ساله لکه های خورشیدی می باشد.

Introduction When increasing cadence, there is increasing knee joint contribution and decreasing hip contribution to external power [1, 2]. Increasing power output leads to a decrease in knee contribution and an increase in hip contribution [2, 3]. Low cadence (<60 rpm) interval training is a widely used training method, but previous studies have primarily focused on cadences ranging from 60 to 180 rpm, without examining the effect of low cadence on joint contribution. The present study investigates joint-specific power production in recreational and elite cyclists during cycling at a range of different cadences.  Methods Ten recreational cyclists and nine elite cyclists (Continental and ProTour-level) performed cycling bouts at seven different pedaling rates (40 to 100 and freely chosen) and four intensities. Intensities were set at 55 (Int55), 85 (Int85) and 100 % (IntLT) of predetermined lactate threshold (LT) in addition to average 20 min all out power (Int20min). All tests were performed on an indoor cycle trainer with the participants’ private road bike. Joint specific power was calculated from kinematic measurements and pedal forces using inverse dynamics  Results Mean work rate at the four different intensities were 154 W (Int55), 240 W (Int85), 282 W (IntLT) and 322 W (Int20min). The elite group had an average of 32.6 % higher LT and 38.4 % higher 20 min all out power than the recreational group. The knee joint was the major power producer at all cadences, with the exception of low cadence (<60 rpm) where the hip joint were the major power producer (fig. 1.). There was a significant main effect of cadence and intensity on the relative contribution of the hip, knee and ankle joints. At cadences above 60 rpm, increasing cadence led to a significant decrease in relative hip joint power and an increase in relative knee joint power. However, there was no effect of cadence on the relative joint contribution at cadences below 60 rpm. Relative knee joint power increased with increasing intensity, however the relative hip joint power only increased from low to moderate intensity. The elite group had significantly higher relative hip joint power and lower relative knee joint power compared to the recreational group.  Discussion and Conclusions The present study demonstrates that increasing cadence leads to a decrease in relative hip joint power and an increase in relative knee joint power, however, the effect of cadence only occurred above 60 rpm. Elite cyclists have higher relative hip joint contribution, and lower relative knee joint contribution at all cadences and intensities compared to recreational cyclists. This is to the author’s knowledge the first study to report an effect of athlete level on relative joint specific power in cycling. The findings related to the effect of cadence on joint specific power complies with earlier research [1, 2] with the exception of the effect at low cadence (<60 rpm). The lack of an effect of reducing cadence below 60 rpm may have implications for how low cadence training is carried out.

To explore the regulatory mechanism of Siahl in the pathogenesis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) in rats. According to the random number table, 40 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8 each). And the animals were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia for 3, 7, 14 or 21 days respectively. The HPH model was established by normobaric intermittent hypoxia. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), ratio of vascular wall area to total vascular area (WA%), ratio of vascular lumen area to total vascular area (LA%) and right ventricle hypertrophy index (RVHI) were measured. The mRNA and protein relative levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry respectively. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization were used to determine the relative expressions of mRNA of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (FIH) and Siahl. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were employed to determine the relative expressions of proteins of FIH and Siahl. The levels of mPAP, WA% and LA% were significantly higher after 7-day hypoxia than those in normoxic control (21. 3 1. 6) vs (15. 9 ± 1. 3) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0. 133 kPa), (41.4 ± 2.8)% vs (35.0 ± 2.2)%, (58.6 ± 2.8)% vs (65.0 ± 2.2)%, all P <0.05). The level of RVHI was significantly higher after 14-day hypoxia than that in normoxic control ((27. 0 ± 1. 8) % vs (3. 2 ± 2. 1) %, P <0. 05). The relative expression of HIF-1α mRNA was significantly higher after 14-day hypoxia than that in normoxic control (0. 188 ± 0. 014 vs 0. 150 ± 0. 014, P < 0. 05). The relative expression of HIF-1α protein was significantly higher after 3-day hypoxia than that in normoxic control (0. 186 ± 0.014 vs 0. 067 ± 0.008, P <0.05). The relative levels of VEGF mRNA and protein were significantly higher after 7-day hypoxia than those in normoxic control (0. 152 ± 0. 019 vs 0. 057 ± 0. 007, 0. 176 ± 0. 017 vs 0. 083 ± 0. 010, both P <0. 05). The relative expression of FIH mRNA had little changes after exposure to hypoxia compared with normoxia. However the related expression of FIH protein was markedly lower after 7-day hypoxia than that in normoxic control (0. 166 ± 0. 015 vs 0. 200 ± 0. 017, P < 0. 05). The relative levels of Siahl mRNA and protein were markedly higher after 7-day hypoxia than those in normoxic control (0. 144 ± 0. 014 vs 0. 067 ± 0. 010, 0. 136 ± 0. 017 vs 0. 084 ± 0. 019, both P <0. 05). Linear correlation analysis showed that HIF-1α protein was positively correlated with the relative levels of VEGF mRNA and VEGF protein (r = 0. 545, 0. 523, both P <0. 01) while FIH protein was negatively correlated with the relative levels of VEGF mRNA and VEGF protein (r = -0. 785, -0. 788, both P < 0. 01). There was a positive correlation between the relative levels of Siahi mRNA and Siahl protein (r = 0. 823, P <0. 01) while a negative correlation existed between the relative levels of Siahl protein and FIH protein (r = -0. 671, P <0. 01). Under chronic hypoxia, Siahl is transcriptionally induced in pulmonary arterioles and it facilitates the degradation and decline of FIR in rats. And deceased FIH protein in pulmonary arterioles under hypoxia may attenuate its inhibitory effect on the transactivational activity of HIF-l a and promote the transactivation of such HIF-1α target gene as VEGF. Thus it is probably implicated in the pathogenesis of HPH.

Romantic relationships are assumed to be guided by norms and rules, however research in the field of personal relationships has not directly addressed the area of relationship rules in romantic relationships, but has investigated their violations, with a specific focus on examples such as infidelity and deception. The present research program provides the first comprehensive study of rules and expectations in romantic relationships. The overall aim of the research is to explore the types of rules and expectations, or relational standards that exist in romantic relationships, how they come to exist, and their function within relationships. Given the lack of research on relational standards, a program of four studies, utilising both qualitative and quantitative methods was proposed to address the research aims. A combination of methods was deemed appropriate as qualitative methods would allow exploration of the types of relational standards that exist in romantic relationships, while quantitative methods could be used to explore their structure, function, and potential correlates. An initial study of the use of deception was based on previous work by the author. This study aimed to combine research on the strategies of deceptive use, with the motivations that are provided for engaging in deception, in order to further understand how deception is used in romantic relationships. A survey of 152 individuals currently in romantic relationships demonstrated that individuals tend to use multiple strategies when they engage in deception, and prefer to use less overt strategies than lying. Consistent with research on victim and perpetrator accounts, individuals believed their partners would view the deception as more serious than they themselves would.;Deception can be viewed as one example of the violation of major relationship rules and expectations regarding trust and honesty, which prompted the question of what other rules and expectations exist in romantic relationships. This question provided the impetus for the subsequent studies, the aims of which were to explore what rules and expectations exist in romantic relationship, and how they come to exist. A qualitative study using focus groups and interviews with couples enabled the development of 16 categories about which rules and expectations typically exist. These categories described both the emotional aspects of a relationship, such as loyalty, fidelity, help and support, and the day-to-day functioning of a relationship, such as those regarding roles and time allocation. A third study, using quantitative methods, presented the 16 categories to 106 individuals in order to validate the categories, investigate how they come to exist (whether they are discussed or exist as expectations) and explore their function in terms of their importance to the relationship and levels of threat and (un)forgivability when they are violated. It also sought to explore whether relational standards were related to a measure of adjustment, specifically one.s self-restraint. All 16 categories were endorsed, and were generally seen as being common in most relationships, and important to a relationship.s functioning. The categories differed in their importance, threat and unforgivability, with rules and expectations about the emotional aspects of a relationship consistently rated as more important than rules and expectations about the procedural aspects of a relationship. The number of rules endorsed, and the types of rules discussed and expected, were not related to an individual.s adjustment. A final study of 45 couples aimed to replicate the results from the third study, as well as explore whether there was agreement in partners. responses.;The final study also investigated whether relational standards were related to individual factors such as adjustment, personality, and the tendency to betray, and relationship variables such as trust, satisfaction and commitment. The results confirmed the pattern of endorsement found in the third study, that rules and expectations regarding the emotional aspects of relationship are regarded as the most important, and the most threatening and unforgivable when violated. Rules and expectations regarding the procedural aspects or the day-to-day functioning of the relationship are seen as least important to therelationship, and least threatening and easily forgiven when violated. The present research program demonstrated that there are identifiable areas about which couples have rules and expectations, and that these form a hierarchy based on their importance to the relationship. No differences were found in the way that relational standards come to exist, and relational standards were not found to be related to either individual or relationship factors. The identification of rule and expectation categories may help couples clarify their expectations of each other, and reduce potential areas of conflict. They also provide a starting point from which to further explore the importance of relational standards to relationship functioning.

Thymoglobulin Does Not Impact Relapse or Survival after Matched Unrelated Transplantation for AML/MDS Compared to Matched Related Donor Transplantation without Thymoglobulin Use

This research has been designed and compiled to create proper ground to identify the role of the Islamic Azad University (IAU) public relation to achieve its responsibility goals. The main purpose of this research was to identify the role of the IAU public relation to achieve its responsibility goals. Also, the role of the IAU public relation in social responsibility is related to university manpower, business, social, governmental and environmental factors. The statistical society of this research includes managers and employees of public relation of 30 units of IAU, professors, and students of communication and media major in big units of Tehran. This research method is co-relational method because it identifies the relation between public relation of IAU as an independent variable and social responsibility as dependent variable, and identifies the size and extent of it. The research findings indicated that, public relation of IAU has relations with indexes such as personal experience, managerial challenges, financial sources, conceptual and attitudinal challenges, environmental factors, and technological changes and has a direct role in presenting information to internal and external organization audience in regard to social responsibility of IAU. Encouraging audience to partake beneficial activities that IAU provides such as presenting proper educational services, evaluating the needs of addressees, presenting beneficial services to audience of the society and Public relation of the Azad University by utilizing active responding mechanisms to addressees, has an influential role in distributing social responsibility culture, increasing social cooperation, creating mechanized systems for searching requests, preserving the environment, natural resources and energy management, and also has positive role in performing responsibilities and goals of IAU in regard to man power, social, governmental-environmental factors, and factors which are related to business. Key words: Social responsibility of organization, public relation, Islamic Azad University, audience.

Extended Abstract 1- Introduction Since the inception of modern bureaucracy, several theories and paradigms were created to explain the factors affecting the productivity, efficiency and effectiveness of human labor. Each of these theories emphasized on the role of different factors affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of human resources. One of the effective variables on the productivity, efficiency and effectiveness of human labor, which has attracted the attention of scientists in recent years, is family wellbeing in family or job performance and occupational health. The new management has found that programs that are designed to strengthen family health and increase job satisfaction and employee empowerment, increase their productivity and job performance, and in turn, improve productivity and performance levels and economic health of organization. Family well-being is defined as emotional, social and economic health of children, parents and families, generally, as well as physical health, mental health, quality of relationships between parents and family members, and also the quality of relationships between parents and children. The researchers showed that the family relation index is strong predictors of quality of occupational life of employees, and there is a mutual relation between the quality of working life and quality of life and relationships among family members. Based on family systems theory and ecological theory about the family, some researchers have indicated that the employee's experience is probably a reflection of the experiences of their families. The aim of this study was to examine the two questions: First, how is the status of family relation index as an indicator of the health of the families of the police? Second, do the police staffs families health influence their job performance? 2- Theoretical Framework Several theories have emerged about the family well-being and its impact on other spheres of life, including job issues in literature related to the quality of family life. In literature related to the health of the family, three theories are more well-known and useful. These theories include: 1. Human Ecological Systems Theory: this theory leads the different levels of systems that make up probable unit of observation and provides the basic assumptions about the exchanges between human resources and the environment; 2. Resources Theory: this theory guides definition of the content of family life, conceptualize the interpersonal resources of exchanges in family relationships, expand the scales, and interprets the results; and 3. Facet Theory: this theory helps translate theoretical concepts into operational measures, and provides data analysis methods consistent with research purposes. 3. Methodology This study was a survey and cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 38 police centers in Yazd province in June and July 2013. The population consisted of Yazd police employee's families and their spouses and managers from different units of Yazd police. Using Cochran formula, 300 people (100 employees, 100 spouses of employees, and 100 officials and commanders) were selected. Measuring instruments were Paterson's job performance questionnaire, and Family Relation Index. Data were analyzed using independent t-test comparison of means and Hierarchical multiple regression. 4- Results & Discussion The results showed that the prevalence rate of deficiency in quality of relation indicator in Yazd selected police families was high. The results showed that 59% of selected families said there was not a favorable relationship among members and their families did not have the favorable characteristics regarding family relations. Also, 41% of police families reported that they had the indicators and criteria of a good family regarding to quality of relationships within the family. There was a significant difference among families with problems in family relationships and family without problems in terms of the quality of employee performance. Also, hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that family relation index explained for 23.2% of the variance of job performance. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions The signs of failure in family relations, such as lack of concern for the members for each other, lack of enjoyment of family relations, differences and disputes in relationships, feel like a stranger in the family, lack of mutual understanding, and so on was observed among Yazd selected police families. According to these results, the police should increasingly strengthen family relations through the interventional actions, such as the workshops, aimed at enabling people.

Objective To investigate phenotypes molecules of macrophage derived from human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC), umbilical cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell and leukemia cell line THP-1 and inflammatory cytokine mRNA relative expression levels under different polarization states, exploring functional differences of macrophage from these 3 kinds of sources. Methods Aforementioned 3 kinds of sources of macrophages, included macrophages derived from hPSC cultured with AGM-S3 stromal cell, macrophages derived from umbilical cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell, and macrophages derived from THP-1 were selected as study subjects. Researches on these 3 kinds of sources of macrophages included: ①Morphology observation and May-Gr Giemsa (MGG) staining were performed to determine whether macrophages were obtained. ②Phenotypes molecules were detected by flow cytometry. ③Expression levels of various inflammatory cytokines from 3 kinds of sources of macrophages under stimulation of lipopolysaccharide, interleukin (IL)-4 were detected by fluorescent quantitative PCR, and different polarized states were confirmed. Independent sample t test was used to compare the relative expression levels of various inflammatory cytokines mRNA under different stimuli from 3 kinds of sources of macrophages. Results ① According to cell morphological observation and results of MGG staining, 3 kinds of sources of macrophages were successfully obtained. ② Results of flow cytometry showed, all 3 kinds of sources of macrophages expressed CD45, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Ⅱ, CD36 and CD11b. Macrophages derived from THP-1 only expressed macrophage phenotypes related molecules CD64 and CD11c. Macrophages derived from hPSC cultured with AGM-S3 stromal cell and macrophages derived from umbilical cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell expressed macrophage phenotypes related molecules CD14, CD64, CD11c, CD68, CD86, CD206. ③ Results of fluorescent quantitative PCR showed, mRNA relative expression levels of IL-1β, -6, -12β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α from macrophages derived from hPSC cultured with AGM-S3 stromal cell which peaked after 3 h of lipopolysaccharide stimulation, were (14.69±0.24), (305.50±67.26), (10.91±1.48), (128.31±9.90), and were higher than those under IL-4 stimulation, which were (0.75±0.14), (2.66±0.27), (0.54±0.04), (0.89±0.08) respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (t=85.630, 7.798, 12.128, 22.295; P=0.000, 0.001, 0.000, 0.000). mRNA relative expression levels of IL-1β, -6 from macrophages derived from umbilical cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell which peaked after 9 h of lipopolysaccharide stimulation, were (16.80±0.56), (481.50±26.81), and were higher than those under IL-4 stimulation, which were (0.02±0.00), (0.51±0.23) respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (t=52.133, 31.080; P=0.000, 0.000). While mRNA relative expression levels of IL-12β, TNF-α which peaked after 3 h of lipopolysaccharide stimulation, were (56.48±3.78), (11.12±0.76), and were higher than those under IL-4 stimulation, which were (3.53±0.46), (0.33±0.18) respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (t=24.090, 24.010; P=0.000, 0.000). mRNA relative expression levels of TNF-α from macrophages derived from THP-1 which peaked after 3 h of lipopolysaccharide stimulation, was (21 388.05±2 464.90), and was higher than that under IL-4 stimulation, which was (143.89±5.30), and the difference was statistically significant (t=14.930, P=0.000). While mRNA relative expression levels of IL-1β, -6, -12β which peaked after 9 h of lipopolysaccharide stimulation, were (4.33±0.01), (14.53±3.79), (525.56±34.65), and were higher than those under IL-4 stimulation, which were (0.48±0.08), (0.01±0.00), (1.03±0.26) respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (t=82.710, 6.640, 26.220; P=0.000, 0.003, 0.000). Under stimulation of lipopolysaccharide, 3 kinds of sources of macrophages could effectively be polarized into type M1 macrophages. After 9 h of IL-4 stimulation, mRNA relative expression levels of IL-10 from macrophages derived from THP-1 was (262.79±20.18), and was higher than that under lipopolysaccharide stimulation, which was (1.71±0.02), and the difference was statistically significant (t=22.410, P=0.000). Under stimulation of IL-4, only macrophages derived from THP-1 could be effectively polarized into type M2 macrophages, and macrophages derived from hPSC cultured with AGM-S3 stromal cell and macrophages derived from umbilical cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell both couldn′t be polarized into type M2 macrophages. Conclusions There were significant differences in phenotypes molecules expression on macrophages from three different kinds of sources. Macrophages derived from hPSC cultured with AGM-S3 stromal cell and macrophages derived from umbilical cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell expressed more macrophage phenotypes related molecules. Macrophages derived from THP-1 lacked some macrophage phenotypes related molecules, and it was different from macrophage in vivo. Macrophages derived from hPSC cultured with AGM-S3 stromal cell and macrophages derived from umbilical cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell could be polarized into type M1 macrophages in a short time of stimulation, but not type M2 macrophages. Macrophages derived from THP-1 could be polarized into both type M1 and type M2 macrophages in a long time of stimulation. Key words: Macrophages; Human pluripotent stem cells; Human embryonic stem cells; Fetal blood; Antigens, surface; Cytokines

Objective To investigate knowledge-attitude-behavior situation of emergency service medical staff for catheter related bloodstream infections. Methods A self-developed questionnaire about the medical staff knowledge-attitude-behavior questionnaire of catheter related bloodstream infections was distributed to 127 emergency service physicians and nurses (including visiting staffs) in January to June 2015. Results A total of 131 questionnaires were distributed and 127 valid questionnaires returned, the effective rate was 96.9%. Only 11.8% physicians and nurses were well aware of knowledge of catheter related bloodstream infections; only 55.9% emergency service physicians and nurses had received related training; compared physicians and nurses in terms of training, training venues and training content had significant difference (χ2=13.13, 11.25; P 0.05); knowledge pass rate was only 26.0%; trained and untrained medical staff had statistical difference in knowledge (χ2=3.19, P 0.05). Conclusions The current education and training situation of emergency service medical staff for catheter related bloodstream infections are not satisfactory, and the awareness for catheter related bloodstream infections is low, and the survey of related attitude and behavior is not ideal, mainly on the choice of catheter indwelling position, the nursing care of catheter puncture position and the prevention measures of catheter related bloodstream infections and so on. In order to achieve knowledge-attitude-behavior unify of the prevention of catheter related bloodstream infection, medical staff should be trained and supervised continually about catheter-related operations. Key words: Emergency service, hospital; Catheter related bloodstream infection; Knowledge-attitude-behavior

A growing body of literature is beginning to examine how individuals engage and interact with others within group contexts. However, no research has examined how individuals’ orientations toward coordinating action in groups, their relational orientations, alter their behaviour within group interactions. This thesis asserts that this gap has potentially been driven by the absence of a framework that captures all facets of the relational modules individuals use to coordinate action in groups. In turn, existing measures of relational orientations cannot necessarily be applied within the intragroup domain. This thesis represents an attempt to bridge this gap. First, a description of individual differences in orientations towards coordinating action in groups informed by Durkheim (1893/2014) is presented. The description outlines that two distinct collections of relational orientations exist, mechanical and organic. Second, across five studies this thesis presents the development and preliminary evidence of a measure that may capture individual variation in people’s orientations toward coordinating action in groups according to a mechanical or organic relational module, the Mechanical and Organic Orientations Scales or MOOS for short. In an initial pilot study (Chapter 2) preliminary items created to capture mechanical and organic orientations are submitted to factor analytic methods to examine the underlying structure of the items. While the results of this pilot study were promising, a number of issues suggested that further refinement of the items was needed. A series of studies were then conducted using a revised set of items (Chapter 3). In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis using the revised set of items was conducted. Although the item factor loadings were moderate, the results provided some support for a two factor model of relational group orientations reflecting the two predicted mechanical and organic orientations, with nine items in each factor. Study 2 then sought to confirm the factor structure observed in Study 1. The results demonstrated good indices of fit. The factor structure and loading of items were also shown to be consistent through a series of multigroup measurement invariance models. Study 2 also sought to establish the convergent and divergent validity of the MOOS from measures that capture people’s life-guiding principles. The results provided support for the validity of the MOOS, with associations demonstrating that the MOOS captures a dimension of sociality that is different to but nonetheless related to broad socially organising principles. Study 3 was then conducted to further establish the construct validity of the MOOS from existing measures of people’s relational orientations. Only tentative support for the MOOS was obtained in this study. While the patterns of convergence and divergence found in Study 3 suggested that the MOOS are related to existing relational orientation measures, the patterns of results were paradoxical to what theory outlined in Chapter 1 would suggest. A considerable discussion is also provided to discuss why these paradoxical patterns may have emerged. In Study 4, associations between the MOOS and the ties people seek to form with others in their own social networks were examined. Again, only weak support for the validity of the MOOS was obtained. Although the MOOS do appear to be associated with group level phenomena (i.e., how people form their interdependencies with others), some of these associations were non-significant. The results of Study 4 were taken to provide only preliminary support to the validity of the MOOS. Study 4 also noted that further research is needed before the MOOS can be fully utilised in contemporary research. The general discussion (Chapter 4) then draws upon the findings of the five studies to propose that while there is some evidence to suggest that people’s relational group orientations may be relevant to the way people coordinate action in groups, further research is necessary to establish the validity of the MOOS. With the recognition that further improvements are necessary, the theoretical and practical implications of an improved MOOS are then discussed. Specifically, this discussion draws attention to the relevance of these findings for research in relationship science and group dynamics, and provides examples of how an improved MOOS may be used to inform theory and practice within these domains. Limitations of the research program are discussed and suggestions for future research exploring mechanical and organic orientations are also outlined.

The purpose of the research was to examine the role of analogical reasoning in children's early reading and addition and to look for possible commonalities in children's performance across these two educational contexts. The research comprised four studies. Study I was a preliminary investigation of individual differences in children's use of analogies in beginning reading. In this study, 55 five-to six year-old beginning readers were presented with the traditional clue word analogy task incorporating either real word or non-word test items. After the presentation of an initial clue word that was decoded for them, children were asked to read a series of related and unrelated target words. Distinct patterns of analogy emerged with regard to the children's ability to use different combinations of orthographic and phonological relations using cluster analysis. The findings illustrated the usefulness of identifying profiles of orthographic and phonological relations for characterising children's development in learning to read. Study 2 was designed to extend the findings from Study 1 by examining whether children's traditional analogical reasoning abilities, short-term memory and their reading related skills could provide some explanations for these patterns of individual differences in reasoning skills in beginning reading. The results of Study 2 supported those of Study 1 revealing distinct patterns in children's use of orthographic and phonological relations. Although single word reading and early phonological knowledge were systematically related to these different patterns of analogy, measures of traditional analogical reasoning skill were unable to account for differences in children's profiles. The purpose of Study 3 was to systematically explore the possibility that analogies are important for children's addition. In this study, 66 five-to-seven year-olds were given an addition-based analogy task designed to assess their ability to solve series of addition problems that were either conceptually related or unrelated to a solved addition problem. Similar to Study 2, children also solved a series of traditional analogical reasoning tasks, designed to assess their ability to solve analogies based on thematic, causal and visual relations. The results indicated that children's use of analogy to solve commuted addition problems was systematically related to their profiles of addition problem solving skills, although no relation was found between children's use of addition analogy and traditional analogical reasoning tasks. In Study 4,69 five-to-six year-olds were given a revised version of the reading and addition analogy tasks presented in Studies 2 and 3 to examine possible similarities in children's analogical reasoning skills across the two domains. Individual self-reports of strategies showed that the children relied on a wide repertoire of strategies for solving related analogy problems in reading and addition. Furthermore, children's patterns of responses to solving analogical problems indicated that most children who reported using analogy strategies in early reading had high levels of analogical reasoning in addition. The findings suggest that there may be a common analogical reasoning component underlying the two domains of reading and mathematics. Overall, the four studies suggest that children's ability to reason about conceptual relations are an important aspect of their development in reading and addition and that the study of analogical reasoning across different educational contexts can provide important insights into children's cognitive development.