Rejuvenating the nation: health resorts, baths, and biopolitics in Fascist Italy

The aim of this paper is to present the importance of touristic health resorts, as an economic network supporting regional economic development. Analysis is based on the definition of the role of health resort enterprises in the region as specific creative centres, engaging three groups: enterprises, local authorities and scientific institutions. This cooperation enables the generation of a sustainable tourist product, which not only satisfies demand but is also in accordance with modern trends in tourism. A case study of the health resort cluster “Health Resort – Pearls of Eastern Poland) is presented as a success story of increasing the attractiveness and competitiveness of enterprises, as well as the region as a whole.

Corporativist urbanism, in which Italian Rationalist architects adapted modernist design principles to the scales of urban and regional planning, represented an attempt to reshape and restructure Italian society through the comprehensive transformation of the built environment. Corporativist urbanism synthesized the empirical methods and programmatic concerns endorsed by the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (International Congress of Modern Architecture or CIAM) with the rhetorical imperatives of the fascist regime in an attempt to rationalize industrial and agricultural production processes, promote hygienic and efficient living standards and instill in the citizenry a collective and militant mass identity in service to the fascist state. The primary vehicle for the advocates of corporativist urbanism was Quadrante, a ‘journal of battle’ that championed modern architecture and urbanism as integral components of the fascist state. Founded in May 1933 by Italy's leading Rationalist architects (as well as artists, critics, engineers and significant patrons of modern architecture), Quadrante pressed the case for an urbanism that would support the fascist regime's policies and represent its values. Quadrante's editors and contributors included Italy's most important urban planners, and all of the country's delegates to CIAM. Compared with the modern movement worldwide, the experience of Italian architects is both exemplary and exceptional: exemplary in the vital importance urbanism held for architecture (and regional planning held for urban planning), but exceptional in the centrality of fascist rhetoric to their theorization of design at every scale. The Rationalists recognized an inherent affinity between the political hierarchies and economic order of corporativist fascism and the city planning strategies of CIAM, in which the international organization turned from the question of modern architecture to a concern with urbanism in order to reform society by reordering the metropolis. This essay examines the Quadrante circle's theoretical writings on corporativist urbanism in the context of their urban planning proposals in order to understand how CIAM's principles were transformed by the organization's Italian members and how corporative fascism was shaped by designers.

The Problems and prospects of development of curating tourism in the Kharkiv region. The article analyzes the existing potential of the Kharkiv region as a future destination in the field of curating tourism, determines the factors that slow downs the development of this type of tourism in the region and the ways of over coming it, as well as priority centers of development of curative tourism of the Kharkiv region and tools for maximizing budget revenues. The subject of research is an analysis of the potential of curating tourism and recreation activities in the conditions of the existing infrastructure in the Kharkiv region. The goal is to highlight the problems and prospects for the development of curating tourism in the Kharkiv region. The method of SWОT analysis are used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Kharkiv region's development as a new destination of curating tourism. The strengths of the Kharkiv region include the cheaper cost of a health-improving product compared to foreign sanatoriums; powerful health resources that are not inferior in their qualities to Western Ukrainian counterparts; and the orientation of the Ukrainian consumer to the domestic tourist product. Health tourism complex structure, health resorts and recreational institutions activities and profits of the Kharkiv region have been analyzed. The following results were obtained: the output of the health-improving sector of the tourism in the Kharkiv region in a new quality will positively affect for the level of medical services provided to the population, create a new jobs and increase the revenues to the budget. Conclusions: the cluster approach to the development of curating tourism in the Kharkiv region, the complex interaction of all resources to meet the tourist needs will create a more vivid image of the destination and significantly increase Kharkiv region attractiveness.

Rebellion, Gender Roles and Discourses, and Historical Memories of War and Peace Sandie Holguín and Jennifer Davis One of the pleasures of editing historical writing is that one begins to see common themes emerge among articles that span vast temporal and geographical distances. What links women who appear in late medieval Flemish chronicles to those who emerge in interwar Italian and Turkish women's novels? What traits do nineteenth-century US women mountain climbers and twentieth-century "Monuments Men" share? Conversely, as two articles here reveal, historical actors who took part in similar events might bear little resemblance to one another. Did women who joined transnational peace organizations really share similar goals or the means of attaining them? This issue of the JWH explores these historical questions. The first two articles compel us to mine seemingly problematic sources for information about rebellious women. Lisa Demets', "Spies, Instigators, and Troublemakers: Gendered Perceptions of Rebellious Women in Late Medieval Flemish Chronicles" and Kara Peruccio's, "Bad Romance: Toxic Masculinity, Love, and Heartbreak in Interwar Italian and Turkish Women's Novels, 1923–1932" reveal how written works that historians have traditionally ignored as unreliable, like chronicles and novels, contain insights into both women's rebellious behavior and the forces that try to tame it. Demets employs a close reading of late medieval chronicles from Bruges to understand women's violent participation in medieval revolts. She dispenses with the idea that chronicles are less reliable than administrative sources or that they provide historians with only misogynistic literary tropes. Demets demonstrates that these tropes simultaneously reflected late medieval political ideology—Flemish urban men's anxieties about networks of rebels and women's place among them—and recounted women's real political activities and rebellious behavior in that period. Peruccio, in contrast, writes about four women novelists who used the romance novel genre to examine women's transgressive ideas and behaviors in the context of oppressive authoritarian regimes in the European interwar period. Comparing writers from two countries and regimes that the author admits are rarely likened to one another—Fascist Italy and Kemalist Turkey—Peruccio tries to uncover the strategies that two Italian and two Turkish women authors used to critique their respective regimes, especially concerning gender relations and toxic masculinity. In these non-traditional historical sources, Italian and Turkish women documented their compatriots' affective and material experiences during times of state-enforced misogyny. They probed men's [End Page 7] verbal abuse and sexual violence, society's expectations of female docility, and women's chastity as the measure of the family's always-precarious honor. Employing the term "hidden transcripts," the documentary material that reveals quiet revolts against the status quo, Peruccio exposes how these women authors experienced life under authoritarian rule and battled the toxic masculinity that sprung from it. Masculinity does not have to be toxic, but it determines normative behavior in many places, and it confers certain privileges. Barbara Cutter's "'A Feminine Utopia': Mountain Climbing, Gender, and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America" explores how women who engaged in behaviors that western societies ordinarily deemed masculine, like mountain climbing, opened up possibilities for women to partake in activities once denied them. Cutter focuses on late-nineteenth-century US mountain climbing clubs that admitted both men and women members. Those clubs that welcomed women mountain climbers were also predisposed to think that if women could handle the physical and mental difficulties of mountain climbing, then they were also likely to share the "manly" traits of autonomy and independence. These mountain climbing men and women created a "feminine utopia" of egalitarianism on the mountain tops and hope for an egalitarian world in the flatlands. As women proved themselves on the mountaintops, Cutter argues, they paved the path for Americans to accept women's suffrage as a natural extension of these women's capabilities. If these female mountaineers could exhibit independence in the outdoors, could it be that even more women were capable of exhibiting the mental toughness to participate as full citizens in the public sphere? These mountain climbers certainly thought so. Discourses of masculinity are highly malleable, of course, and they can serve to reveal as much as hide...

This paper examines the spatial thinking found in the Dazai literature. By applying Foucault’s concept of heterotopia and space theory to analyze, this paper aims to analyze the characteristics the Dazai literature, thereby, illuminating its identity politics. The small station in 『Waiting』 is a marginal space where time and space criss-cross. The act of waiting reflects the internal sense of anxiety and expectation. But the spatial boundaries of waiting are crossed when the active action of “going to wait” is pursued. This is aligned with “heterochronie”. 『Pandora’s box』 narrates the story of a limited, isolated space of a ‘tuberculosis nursing home”. The space is the main character’s alternative space, but when it is transformed into a heterotopic space, it starts to insert influences in the character’s internal space as well. This creates an opportunity for realizing one’s identity, as the boundaries are expanded as the rules of reality break apart. Hence, the analysis of the heterotopic boundary transcendence in the works of Osamu Dazai leads to identity politics, imbuing new meanings to the Dazai literature.

Despite gender stereotypes that are still firmly rooted in Ukrainian society, women are no less active than men as civic activists, leaders, and politicians at the local and national levels. This trend is also maintained in the youth environment, particularly within youth organisations. The article’s subject is the media discourse of youth organisations operating in Ukraine. The research problem is the gender component of the studied narratives. The authors aim to find answers to the following research questions: what kind of nouns do the studied youth organisations use in their publications? And in what context do they use these nouns when referring to gender? The research method is quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The study was based on all content created in 2018 by six youth organisations operating in Ukraine and published on the websites and Facebook pages of these organisations. The selection of youth organisations was purposeful. The criterion of media visibility was applied, which resulted in the selection of the Foundation for Regional Initiatives, Building Ukraine Together, Youth Corps, Youth Nationalist Congress, UKRAINER, and Plast. In terms of theory, the study is based on Bernhard Waldenfels’ concept of own space and Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopia. The results of the study show that, firstly, gender plays an important role in the environment of youth organisations and their civic activity, secondly, the language used in the youth environment is not gender-neutral, and thirdly, gender appears in the studied discourse in four contexts: gender as a neutral category in a descriptive sense, gender to define the target group of an organisation’s activities, gender directly related to gender roles attributed to women / men, and gender as a direct threat to women’s activities. The study’s novelty lies in analysing youth organisations’ media space through the prism of Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopia and gender criteria.

Review Essay: “It all begins with women”: Women's Resilience in Fascist Italy and War

In this paper, we examine the attitudes towards gender roles among higher education students in a borderland Central-Eastern European region. We used the database of ‘The Impact of Tertiary Education on Regional Development’ project (N=602, 2010). We intend to determine what kind of attitudes towards gender roles the students identify themselves with, whataffects these attitudes (gender, faculty type, social background of students, locality type, religiosity), and finally what kind of educational policy implications could be relevant concerning our findings. We have used cluster analysis and a logistic regression model, and formulated several hypotheses that were controlled by these methods. Our results show that there are a large number of students who belong to the more traditional attitude cluster in this region, but women more frequently identify themselves with modern gender roles than men do. The faculty-type effect has only been partly detected. We have found that with ‘male-dominated’ majors, both women and men identify themselves with more traditional attitudes and that with ‘female-dominated’ majors all students have more modern attitudes. The effect of social background is contradictory. Those whose parents had larger numbers of books had increased modern attitudes, but the factor ‘regular financial problems in the family’ also increased it. Our next result is that students who live in villages are not more traditional than others, because they live in cities during their studies. Our final result is that churchly religious students think more traditionally regarding gender roles than others do, but those who are religious in their own way do not.

This chapter investigates the role of gender in fertility decision-making. We first review existing literature on childbearing intentions and outcomes, offering “rules” of fertility decision-making. Couple consensus rules suggest that couples make fertility decisions together, whereas gender rules focus on gendered roles in intimate relationships. From the perspective of these “rules,” we present findings from our co-authored research (Oslawski-Lopez & Tabor, 2024), which explores whether Americans believe wives and husbands should be able to refuse to have children with their spouses. In the quantitative survey data, we found that respondents most frequently supported (about 73%) or opposed (about 22%) refusal for both wives and husbands, reflecting the “rule” of couple consensus. Only about 5% of respondents differently supported or opposed refusal for wives and husbands, reflecting the gender rules of fertility decision-making. Further analysis showed demographic differences linked to age, gender, race, religion, gender attitudes, and political identification in the types of refusal endorsed. Perhaps most interesting, however, were respondents’ qualitative comments that seemed supportive of couple consensus at their surface, but also explicitly and implicitly discussed gendered bodies and roles, suggesting a larger role of gendered thinking than the quantitative results suggested. Taken together, our findings suggest that egalitarian intentions contend with gendered beliefs. We discuss the broader implications of our findings for other fertility-related decisions, including contraception and abortion, considering their significance for understanding gender and power within intimate relationships. Lastly, we discuss the strengths and limitations of the literature, suggesting possibilities for future research.

A partir de 1922 Benito Mussolini (1922-1943) reformó las relaciones laborales en Italia, aplicando una serie de medidas corporativas. Sus reformas terminaron por convertirse en un modelo a seguir para la búsqueda de soluciones de crisis económicas por parte de jefes de Estado en otros lugares del mundo. Cuando el modelo corporativo se difundió en América Latina en los años 30 y 40, el presidente argentino Juan Domingo Perón (1946-1955) se inspiró considerablemente en dicho precedente italiano. Adhiriéndose a un concepto de política estetizado y utilizando los medios de comunicación de masa, ambos regímenes anunciaron el corporativismo en su respectiva propaganda visual, en la que la figura del trabajador jugaba un papel prominente. El artículo analiza paralelos y diferencias en la formación de identidades políticas en medios visuales en la Italia fascista y en la Argentina peronista, los cuales bajo ambos regímenes corporativos se centraron en el trabajo. Comparando los diversos modelos diseñados para varios miembros de la sociedad, se sostiene que —aparte de roles de género, un ámbito en el cual el peronismo perpetuó imágenes similarmente tradicionales— los mensajes propagandísticos peronistas fueron más orientados al futuro e inclusivos. Exclusiones racistas de partes de la población de la central identidad trabajadora que caracterizaron cada vez más la propaganda fascista a lo largo de los años 30, no se adoptaron en Argentina después de 1945. En cambio, en medios visuales estatales la categoría trabajo en su dimensión incluyente sirvió como promesa de pertenencia a la comunidad peronista.

Religion as Resistance: Negotiating Authority in Italian Libya

The article investigates identity politics within Russian agglomerations focusing on the largest urban centers in the Southern Federal District – Krasnodar and Rostov-on-Don. In light of the rapid urban environment, the diversity of cultural traditions, and contemporary challenges, research on identity politics in agglomeration spaces has gained significant relevance. The identity politics within these agglomeration is shaped by a sense of belonging to the territory, influenced by historical connections, sociocultural environment, and the surrounding landscape. The primary objectives of this study is to identify the characteristics of identity politics in the Krasnodar and Rostov agglomerations, and to examine the practices employed in formatting agglomeration identity. To gather empirical data, we monitored the official VKontakte pages of the politicians associated with the studied territory, analyzing their speeches that highlight significant events in the life of the agglomerations. Additionally, we conducted an analysis of citizen posts within VKontakte communities that address issues related to identity politics, utilizing big data technologies, specifically thematic modeling. Historically, the Krasnodar and Rostov agglomerations are characterized by their multinational composition; therefore, identity politics should aim to unify diverse identities and integrate them into a cohesive community based on principles of good neighborliness. The study highlights indicators of governmental interest in implementing a territorial identity politics within the examined agglomerations, while also identifying challenges that hinder the effective development of urban regions. One of the main factors hindering the development of agglomeration spaces appears to be the lack of specialized management bodies. Consequently, the agglomeration identity remains underdeveloped in both Krasnodar and Rostov, primarily due to the novelty of this phenomenon for both politicians and the public.

The article is devoted to studying the development of medical and health tourism. Its purpose is to study modern trends and problems of this development. The article considers the features of the development of medical and health tourism, which is an important direction focused on preserving and strengthening health and increasing people’s vital activity. The study analyzes the main factors that contribute to the development of this type of tourism, particularly physical and geographical conditions, the availability of natural resources, and their impact on human health. The role of medical and health resorts and sanatoriums that provide treatment with the help of natural factors, such as mineral waters, therapeutic mud, and climatotherapy, is substantiated. Statistical data are provided, which indicates the growing popularity of medical and health tourism around the world. It is revealed that resorts with mineral waters, mud baths, and other natural resources are important centers of treatment and health restoration. At the same time, the study revealed that, despite the high resource potential, many regions of Ukraine need to improve infrastructure to attract more tourists. One of the main factors in the development of medical tourism is innovation in the medical field, which includes new treatment methods, preventive medicine, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipment. The article focuses on the importance of these innovations for improving the quality of medical services and the accessibility of treatment for tourists. The study also examines various methods of treatment in sanatoriums, in particular balneotherapy, mud therapy, and climatotherapy, which contribute to restoring the physical and psychological strength of patients. The article reveals the importance of sanatorium treatment for the prevention and treatment of diseases, as well as for reducing healthcare costs and improving the economic situation in the country. It has been found that the development of medical tourism can significantly stimulate economic growth, create new jobs, and attract investments in tourism infrastructure. The study also demonstrated that medical tourism improves access to healthcare services and promotes cultural exchange between tourists and local communities. In addition, it has a positive social impact, raising the overall standard of living of the population and ensuring sustainable development of regions. Keywords: tourism, health improvement, tourism product, development, resources.

Although tourism scholarship has paid much attention to the concept of authenticity in relation to the homogenisation of tourism representation, this term has limits that curb its usefulness for analysing subtle interrelations of place, representation and identity. Some recent work has attempted to recuperate authenticity by associating it with experience and activity, however we suggest that the concept of cultural identity allows for greater attention to the fluid movements of social power relations that inform the tourist site. By undertaking a comparative analysis of three global tourist sites located in the Middle East (Jerusalem), North America (Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan) and Europe (Isle of Wight), this article discusses the politics of representation vis à vis identity as manifested in a spectrum of tourism‐related literature ranging from pamphlets, maps and guidebooks, to more creative approaches in contemporary novels and poetry. This comparative survey of literature explores questions of identity on several fronts: first, it prompts questions about how religious, historical and national identities are formulated in and through the tourist site; second, it leads to an assessment of a site's claim to status as a work of art that prompts aesthetic identification; and finally, it allows one to consider how other works of art — in this case, novelistic or poetic representations — both affirm and question identities presented by standard tourist literature. These alternative textual representations demonstrate not only how cultural identity as represented in the tourist site is an active site of struggle, but also present alternative politics of place and identity that enable a greater diversity of interpretations of the tourist site. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This book draws upon original research into women’s workplace protest to deliver a new account of working-class women’s political identity and participation in post-war England. In doing so, the book contributes a fresh understanding of the relationship between feminism, workplace activism and trade unionism during the years 1968-1985. The study covers a period that has been identified with the ‘zenith’ of trade union militancy. The women’s liberation movement also emerged in this period, which produced a shift in public debates about gender roles and relations in the home and the workplace. Industrial disputes involving working-class women have been commonly understood as evidence of women’s growing participation in the labour movement, and as evidence of the influence of second-wave feminism upon working-class women’s political consciousness. However, the voices and experiences of female workers who engaged in workplace protest remain largely unexplored. The book addresses this space through detailed analysis of four industrial disputes that were instigated by working-class women. It shows that labour force participation was often experienced or viewed as claim to political citizenship in late modern England. A combination of oral history and written sources are used to illuminate how everyday experiences of gender and class antagonism shaped working-class women’s political identity and participation.