Regulation of the microRNA profiles related to Myh7 and Myh6 in myocardial ischemia through proanthocyanidins and different intensity exercise training.

High Intensity Interval Training in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Brief Review of Physiologic Adaptations and Suggestions for Future Research

Exercise Modalities and Intensity to Improve Functional Capacity and Psychological/Mental Health in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Role for Nordic Walking?

Introduction: Laboratory-based High intensity interval training (HIIT) is an efficacious time-saving exercise modality resulting in similar adaptations to traditional moderate-intensity continuous training. Recently, Home-based HIIT, involving bodyweight exercises, has gained popularity in the literature, as it overcomes additional barriers such as limited access to facilities and appropriate equipment. However, literature in to home-based HIIT is still sparse, and little is known about how manipulating interval duration, interval number and work-to-rest ratio could influence the efficacy and effectiveness of such interventions. Aims: Two separate but related studies were conducted. The aim of study 1 was to investigate the acute physiological, perceptual, and motivational responses to five home-based HIIT protocols with various work-to-rest ratios (specifically 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4) and interval durations (30s or 60s). The aim of study 2 was to implement and compare two of the HIIT protocols investigated in study one to identify the ideal interval duration for improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and health in sedentary individuals. Methods: In Study 1, 10 healthy participants (age = 25±4 yrs, BMI = 22.7±1.4kg.m2) completed a randomised cross-over study, whereby each participant completed five bodyweight HIIT protocols, four using 30s intervals (30:30x6 (30s interval interspersed with 30s rest, completed 6 times), 30:60x6, 30:120x6 and 30:30x12) and one using 60s intervals (60:60x6). A total of 12 exercises were implemented, examples included burpees, mountain climbers, and jumping jacks. Blood lactate, heart rate (HR), feeling scale (FS), enjoyment and perceived competence were measured in response to each protocol. In Study 2, 28 healthy sedentary participants (age = 29±10 yrs, BMI = 25.3±3.9 kg.m2) completed a randomised cross-over design, whereby each participant completed 6 weeks of 30:120HIIT (4-8x30s with 120s rest) and 60:60HIIT (6-10x60s with 60s rest). In addition to the 12 exercises implemented in study 1, a further 6 were added in study 2. CRF, body composition (bioimpedance), blood pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity were assessed pre and post each intervention, with a 4-6-week wash-out period between interventions. Results: Study 1 (acute phase), established that 60:60x6 and 30:30x12 resulted in significantly higher change in blood lactate and HR responses compared to 30:30x6, 30:60x6, and 30:120x6 (P<0.05). 30:120x6 had a significantly higher minimum reported feeling scale score compared to all other protocols (P<0.05). No significant differences were reported for interest/enjoyment or perceived competence between protocols (P>0.05). Study 2 (chronic phase) demonstrated that CRF increased following both 30:120HIIT and 60:60HIIT (P<0.05). There was a significant reduction in aPWV following 30:120HIIT and 60:60HIIT (P<0.05). Systolic BP decreased significantly in 30:120HIIT with no difference in 60:60HIIT (P=0.414). Magnitude of change between protocols was not different for any of the measured variables (P>0.05). Conclusion: This is the first study to directly compare different home-based HIIT protocols by manipulating interval durations and work-to-rest ratios. Home-based HIIT protocols consisting of 30:120HIIT and 60:60HIIT improved CRF and aPWV after 6 weeks in sedentary individuals, despite 30:120HIIT producing significantly lower lactate and heart rate responses whilst also showing less aversive perceptions during an acute bout of exercise to that of 60:60HIIT.

Safarimosavi, S, Mohebbi, H, and Rohani, H. High-intensity interval vs. continuous endurance training: Preventive effects on hormonal changes and physiological adaptations in prediabetes patients. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 731-738, 2021-The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention, or an isocaloric continuous endurance training (CET) intervention on insulin resistance indices and change in irisin and preptin in patients with prediabetes. Thirty-two prediabetic male patients (age = 38.7 ± 4; body mass index = 26.9 ± 1.4 kg·m-2; and V̇o2peak = 2.49 ± 0.22 L·min-1) were randomly assigned into 3 training groups (N = 8). These groups were matched based on the required energy expenditure (EE) for completing each protocol: (a) HIIT (10 × 60 seconds at 90% peak oxygen uptake [V̇o2peak], 1: 1 work to recovery at 50 W), (b) CET at an intensity equivalent to maximal fat oxidation (Fatmax) (CETFAT) (pedaling for a duration that expends an equivalent EE to an HIIT session [E ≈ HIIT]), (c) CET at an intensity equivalent to anaerobic threshold (CETAT) (E ≈ HIIT), and (d) the control group (CON): continued to perform their daily activities. After intervention, blood glucose levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the HIIT group compared with CETAT group. Exercise training improved the insulin resistance index by 35, 28, and 37% in CETFAT, CETAT, and HIIT groups, respectively. Irisin concentrations in the HIIT and CETAT groups was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared with the pre-training values. Also, HIIT and CETFAT resulted in significant (p < 0.05) changes in preptin concentration compared with baseline. This study demonstrated that both HIIT and CETFAT protocols had similar effects on the insulin resistance index of prediabetic patients. Also, the intensity and type of exercise were effective factors in changing irisin and preptin concentrations.

Purpose: To compare the effects of 8 weeks of two types of interval training, Sprint Interval Training (SIT) and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), on anthropometric measures and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy young women.Methods: A randomized clinical trial in which 49 young active women [age, 30.4 ± 6.1 years; body mass index, 24.8 ± 3.1 kg.m−2; peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), 34.9±7.5 mL.kg−1.min−1] were randomly allocated into a SIT or HIIT group. The SIT group performed four bouts of 30 s all-out cycling efforts interspersed with 4 min of recovery (passive or light cycling with no load). The HIIT group performed four bouts of 4-min efforts at 90–95% of peak heart rate (HRpeak) interspersed with 3 min of active recovery at 50–60% of HRpeak. At baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention, waist circumference, skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, and thigh), body mass and BMI were measured by standard procedures and cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by cardiorespiratory graded exertion test on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer.Results: The HIIT and SIT groups improved, respectively, 14.5 ± 22.9% (P < 0.001) and 16.9 ± 23.4% (P < 0.001) in VO2peak after intervention, with no significant difference between groups. Sum of skinfolds reduced 15.8 ± 7.9 and 22.2 ± 6.4 from baseline (P < 0.001) for HIIT and SIT groups, respectively, with greater reduction for SIT compared to HIIT (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant decreases in waist circumference (P < 0.001) for the HIIT (−3.1 ± 1.1%) and SIT (−3.3 ± 1.8%) groups, with no significant difference between groups. Only SIT showed significant reductions in body weight and BMI (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Eight weeks of HIIT and SIT resulted in improvements in anthropometric measures and cardiorespiratory fitness, even in the absence of changes in dietary intake. In addition, the SIT protocol induced greater reductions than the HIIT protocol in the sum of skinfolds. Both protocols appear to be time-efficient interventions, since the HIIT and SIT protocols took 33 and 23 min (16 and 2 min of effective training) per session, respectively.

Within the laboratory setting, high intensity interval training (HIIT) can elicit physiological adaptations similar to traditional moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) with the important advantage of a reduced total exercise volume and time commitment. However, researchers have argued that HIIT is not a viable public health strategy because it is too demanding to be maintained by non-athletic populations (Biddle and Batterham, 2015). The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of real-world HIIT interventions on adherence and cardio-metabolic health risk factors. Furthermore this thesis investigates the feasibility and perceptual responses to home-based wholebody HIIT as a strategy to remove many of the major barriers to exercise. In Chapter 3, 82 previously sedentary males (n=26) and females (n=56) aged 18-65 (28±10 y, BMI 25±3 kg.m-2) participated in the study. In a randomised cross-over design, whereby participants completed either 6 weeks of 30HIT (4-8x30s sprint with 120s active recovery) and 6-weeks of 60HIT (6-10x60s sprint with 60s active recovery). Participants then completed a 4-week washout period before completing the alternative intervention. Training sessions were completed on a Wattbike, 3 times per week. VO2peak, body composition (DXA), glycaemic control (oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and arterial stiffness (aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV)) were assessed pre and post each 6-week training phase. VO2peak increased post intervention in 30HIT and 60HIT (P 0.05). In Chapter 4, 154 patients (males: n=88), females: n=66) who were eligible for a UK exercise referral scheme (ERS) (inactive and at least one health risk factor) were recruited. Participants chose either 12-weeks ERS (encouraged to achieve 150min/wk of moderate-intensity exercise, with reduced cost gym membership) or Home-based HIIT (4-9x1min intervals interspersed with 1 min rest, using body weight exercises). Adherence and compliance to the programme were monitored using a heart rate monitor. VO2peak, body composition (DXA), glycaemic control (OGTT) and arterial stiffness (aPWV) was recorded at baseline, post-intervention (12-weeks) and 3-months postintervention (follow-up). Perceptions of the programme were evaluated using an online interview. 56% (n=87) of eligible participants chose Home-based HIIT in preference to ERS. At baseline Home-based HIIT had a lower VO2peak than ERS (P=0.034). ERS and Home-based HIIT had a similar adherence (HIIT 39%, ERS 53% P=0.298) and compliance to the prescribed programme (HIIT 30%, ERS 47% P=0.331). VO2peak increased post-intervention (P<0.001) in both groups and this was maintained at follow-up (P=0.287). The interview revealed Home-based HIIT was positively received, and the convenience of the programme reduced some of the perceived barriers to exercise. Finally, in Chapter 5, 27 recreationally active (≥1 hr exercise/wk) participants (male/female: n=13/14, age: 223y, BMI: 24.32.4, VO2peak: 42.27.2 ml.min1.kg-1) completed a randomised counter-balanced cross over design. To assess the acute physiological (heart rate and lactate) and perceptual responses (feeling scale, felt arousal scale and rate of perceived exertion) to four different HIIT protocols (Ergo-60:60: cycling 10x60s at 100%Wmax with 60s rest, BW-60:60: whole-body exercise 10x60s with 60s rest, SM-20:10:following a social media video 20x20s with 10s rest, SM-40:20: following a social media video 15x40s with 20s rest). BW-60:60 resulted in significantly higher interval heart rate peak (P<0.001) compared to all other protocols, and a significantly higher change in lactate compared to SM-20:10 (P<0.001). No differences were observed between groups when reporting lowest recorded feeling scale (P=0.292), but differences in the feeling scale profile during exercise did exist between the protocols used within the research (Ergo-60:60 & BW-60:60) and the social media protocols. Greater post-session enjoyment was reported in BW-60:60 compared to Ergo-60:60 (P=0.004) despite using the same work:rest ratio. In conclusion, this thesis provides strong evidence that sedentary or at risk participants are able to complete HIIT at the correct prescribed intensity to induce health benefits in a free-living environment. Furthermore, Home-based HIIT was an attractive option for at-risk patients referred to an ERS, and had similar adherence to the traditional exercise prescription guidelines. Additionally, body-weight HIIT and social media videos are promising enjoyable options, compared to traditional cycling-based HIIT. Therefore we provide strong evidence that the prescription of HIIT, especially a Home-based HIIT programme using body-weight exercises, is both effective and feasible for a non-athletic population in the real world.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to undertake secondary data analysis from a three-arm feasibility trial of high intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), and usual care, in Crohn's disease (CD) patients (n=36), with a primary focus on exploring affective and enjoyment responses to the two types of exercise training. METHODS: Twenty-five participants with quiescent or mildly-active CD were randomised to one of the two active groups: HIIT (n=13) and MICT (n=12). Both groups were offered three exercise sessions per week for 12 weeks. MICT consisted of cycling for 30 minutes at 35% peak power (Wpeak), whereas HIIT involved ten 1-minute bouts at 90% Wpeak, interspersed with 1-minute bouts at 15% Wpeak. Peak power was determined prior to the intervention and reassessed at weeks 4 and 8 to adjust training load. Heart rate (HR) and differentiated ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) for legs (RPE-L) and central (i.e. ventilatory and circulatory; RPE-C), along with feeling state (Feeling Scale; FS) were measured at regular time intervals during each exercise session. In addition, enjoyment was measured at the end of the training programmes using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). Post-hoc exploratory analysis involved a mixed-model two-way ANOVA to compare HR, RPE-C, RPE-L and FS at weeks 1, 6 and 12 between groups. An independent t-test was used to assess between-group differences in PACES scores. RESULTS: HR was greater (p < 0.01) during HIIT (168 ± 20 bpm) compared with MICT (124 ± 18 bpm). Similarly, RPE-L and RPE-C responses were greater (p = 0.03 and p = 0.03, respectively) during HIIT (5.5 ± 1.6 and 5.1 ± 1.7 i.e. 'hard', respectively) compared to MICT (3.3 ± 1.5 and 2.9 ± 1.5 i.e. 'moderate', respectively). Overall, FS recorded was 2.2 ± 1.8 (i.e. 'fairly good') for HIIT and 2.1 ± 1.3 (i.e. 'fairly good') for MICT with no effect of condition (P=0.25) or time (P=0.94). There was also no statistically significant difference in PACES scores between HIIT (99.4 ± 12.9) and MICT (101.3 ± 17.4; p = 0.78). CONCLUSION: Despite the differences in HR and RPE responses, the findings suggest that the HIIT and MICT protocols elicited similar enjoyment and affective responses in adults with quiescent or mildly-active CD. Support by CCUK Grant SP2015/1.

Eigendorf, J, Maassen, M, Apitius, D, and Maassen, N. Energy metabolism in continuous, high-intensity, and sprint interval training protocols with matched mean intensity. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3104-3110, 2021-To evaluate acute physiological reactions and energy metabolism with 3 different training regimes, 7 subjects performed a high-intensity interval training (HIT), a sprint interval training (SIT), and a continuous training (CT) in a cross-over design. All training sessions were matched for relative mean intensity (50% Pmax). Stress-to-pause-ratios were chosen as 6-24 seconds (SIT) and 30-30 seconds (HIT) for interval protocols. No significant differences (significance level p ≤ 0.05) were found for oxygen uptake (V̇o2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), slope of RER (RERslope), and heart rate between the different training regimes. Lactate concentrations ([Lac]) in CT were significantly lower (p < 0.01) compared with HIT and SIT. No significant differences were found for free fatty acids ([FFA], p = 0.41) and glycerol ([GLY], p = 0.26) levels during all 3 training protocols (CT 0.27 mmol·L-1, SIT 0.22 mmol·L-1, and HIT 0.22 mmol·L-1). Ammonia (NH3, p > 0.05) levels did not show significant differences between the 3 training protocols during exercise phase. The comparable physiological reactions of [FFA], [GLY], and RER show that the activation of fat metabolism is not different between training regimes with different stress-to-pause-ratios. Moreover, mean intensity and time of exercise influence activation of fat metabolism. Increases in [NH3] suggest similar sources between the 3 training protocols and the need for further research concerning amino acid deamination. The better understanding of the acute reactions and changing of the energy metabolism during training sessions will help athletes in planning and executing their training sessions more efficiently and more precisely in the context of periodization.

Background: Sprint performance relies heavily on speed, power, and muscular endurance. While both HighIntensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Low-Intensity Interval Training (LIIT) are widely implemented in athletic conditioning, their distinct impacts on sprinter performance remain unexplored. HIIT involves short bursts of maximal effort followed by recovery and is employed during intensive training blocks. LIIT consists of longer, moderate- intensity intervals with minimal rest, often used during recovery periods.Study provides evidence regarding HIIT and LIIT for sprinters. Objective: To evaluate the effect of HIIT and LIIT on muscular endurance, strength, speed, and flexibility in trained sprinters. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and The Cochrane Collaboration. Ten studies were initially identified, out of which five met the inclusion criteria and were selected for detailed analysis. The focus was on studies evaluating sprintspecific outcomes following HIIT and LIIT interventions. Results: HIIT interventions demonstrated significant improvements in anaerobic power, sprint speed, and muscular strength. LIIT showed enhancements in aerobic endurance and flexibility. The contrasting mechanisms of protocols support their individual benefits, HIIT as an effective strategy for high-intensity performance gains, and LIIT as a supportive recovery tool promoting sustained conditioning. Conclusion: HIIT and LIIT serves essential and complementary roles for sprinters. HIIT is more effective in boosting anaerobic capabilities and explosive performance, while LIIT supports recovery, flexibility, and endurance. A strategic combination of these training offers a balanced approach to optimizing overall sprint performance. Keywords: High-Intensity Interval Training, Low-Intensity Interval Training, Sprint Performance

Our aim was to investigate the effects and prevalence of nonresponders (NR) to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and resistance training (RT) in women with insulin resistance on cardiometabolic health parameters. Sedentary overweight/obese insulin-resistant women (age = 33.5 ± 6.5 yr; body mass index = 29.9 ± 3.7 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to a triweekly HIIT program (HIIT; n = 18) or resistance training (RT; n = 17). Anthropometry (body mass, fat mass, muscle mass, waist circumference, and skinfold thickness), cardiovascular (blood pressure), metabolic [fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)], as well as muscle strength, and endurance performance covariables were measured before and after 12 wk in both intervention groups. The interindividual variability to exercise training of the subjects was categorized as responders and NR using as cut points two times the typical error of measurement in mean outcomes. After intervention, significant reduction in waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, fat mass, blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR (P < 0.05) were identified to HIIT and RT group, respectively. Both HIIT and RT groups exhibited a significant decrease in the endurance performance, whereas only RT exhibited increased muscle strength. Significant differences in the NR prevalence between the HIIT and RT groups were identified for a decrease in fat mass (HIIT 33.3% vs. RT 70.5%; P = 0.028), muscle mass (HIIT 100% vs. RT 52.9%; P = 0.001), and tricipital skinfold (HIIT 5.5% vs. RT 29.4%; P < 0.041). For diastolic blood pressure, significant differences were observed in the NR prevalence between the HIIT and RT groups (55.5% vs. 94.1; P = 0.009). However, there were no differences in the NR prevalence between HIIT and RT for decreasing fasting glucose. Twelve weeks of HIIT and RT have similar effects and NR prevalence to improve glucose control variables; however, there is different NR prevalence in other anthropometric, cardiovascular, strength, and endurance performance measurements in insulin-resistant women. These findings were displayed with a similar time investment per week of 114 vs. 108 min, respectively, to HIIT and RT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The effects and prevalence of nonresponders (NR) to improve glucose control variables have predominately been reported by endurance training. A uniqueness of the present study was to examine the NR prevalence in women with insulin resistance after high-intensity interval (HIIT) and resistance training (RT). This study demonstrates that 12 wk of HIIT and RT have similar effects and NR prevalence to improve glucose control variables. However, significantly different NR prevalence were observed in other anthropometric, cardiovascular, strength, and endurance performance measurements.

Growing evidence shows that aerobic exercise improves cognitive function. However, it is unclear how exercising at different exercise intensities affects cognitive inhibitory control in overweight/obese adults. Herein we compared the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and self-selected intensity training (SSIT) on cognitive inhibitory control in overweight/obese adults. A total of 64 adults (59.4% women, 31.3 ± 7.1 years, 29 ± 2.5 kg/m²) were randomized into three walking/running groups: HIIT, MICT and SSIT. All groups performed three exercise sessions per week on an outdoor running track for 12 weeks. Cognitive inhibitory control was assessed at baseline and after the exercising programs using a computerized version of the Stroop Color-Words test. The HIIT and SSIT resulted in a faster Stroop effect (i.e. enhanced performance) when compared to MICT (p=.018; p= .026), however, there were no significant differences between the HIIT and SSIT groups (p> .05). The enhanced Stroop effect was correlated with increases in cardiorespiratory fitness after HIIT (r= −.521, p= .018) and decreases in body fat after MICT (r= .671, p= .001). These findings may suggest that overweight/obese adults performing exercise interventions at higher intensities or self-selected intensity may enhance their cognitive ability to inhibit automated behavioral responses. Highlights HIIT and/or SSIT are more effective than MICT in improving cognitive inhibitory control after 12-weeks in overweight/obese adults. Increases in cardiorespiratory fitness and decreases in body fat after HIIT and MICT were correlated with improvements in cognitive inhibitory control. Our study highlights the possibility of performing different exercise programs in an outdoor environment to improve cognitive function in overweight/obese adults.

Improvements in glycemic control following acute exercise are typically attributed to improved postexercise insulin sensitivity (IS) with comparatively little known about how acute exercise impacts β cell function, especially in postmenopausal females. We determined how two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols, matched for total estimated energy expenditure, impact β cell function in postmenopausal females with type 2 diabetes. Thirteen postmenopausal females (70 ± 5 yr; 12 ± 7 yr since diagnosis, 80.9 ± 13.8 kg, 32.4 ± 5.6 kg·m2; HbA1c-49.8 ± 10.3 mmol/mol [6.7 ± 1.0]) living with type 2 diabetes were included in this semirandomized crossover trial. The trial involved an initial resting control condition followed by two HIIT conditions [4 × 4-min HIIT (HIIT4) and 10 × 1-min HIIT (HIIT10)] completed in a randomized order 2-4 days apart. β cell function (glucose sensitivity) and insulin sensitivity were determined from a 2-h mixed-meal tolerance test performed 2 h after rest or HIIT. Both HIIT4 and HIIT10 significantly improved β cell glucose sensitivity compared with control (15 pmol/min/m2/[mmol/L], [95% confidence interval (CI) 6, 23]; P = 0.002 and 16 pmol/min/m2/[mmol/L], [95% CI 7, 25]; P = 0.002, respectively), with no difference between HIIT protocols (1 [-8, 10], P = 0.79). There were no significant differences in IS metrics (Matsuda index, OGIS, Stumvoli, and QUICKI) between the conditions. An acute bout of 4 × 4-min or 10 × 1-min HIIT improves β cell glucose sensitivity in postmenopausal females living with type 2 diabetes. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04986345.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to explore the effects of acute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on β cell function in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Our crossover trial compares two HIIT protocols, matched for total estimated energy expenditure, examining their impacts on β cell function and insulin sensitivity. Despite the absence of an insulin-sensitizing effect, we show robust effects of HIIT on β-cell function, including an improvement in β-cell glucose sensitivity.

EPOC

ABSTRACTWe aimed (1) to test the acute impact of two high-intensity interval-training (HIIT) protocols differing in the level of effort on intraocular pressure (IOP) responses, and (2) to elucidate whether the IOP responses differ between men and women. Twenty-four physically active collegiate (12 men and 12 women) performed three protocols: low-fatigue HIIT (eight 30-m sprints with 60-s of rest), high-fatigue HIIT (eight 30-m sprints with 30-s of rest), and control (walking). IOP was taken at baseline, after sprints and recovery by rebound tonometry. Our data revealed an acute IOP reduction during both HIIT protocols compared to the control condition (effect size [ES]:0.81–1.65). The differences between both HIIT protocols were generally negligible (ES<0.30), however, the reduction of IOP was moderately higher for the low-fatigue HIIT protocol after the 7th (ES: 0.67) and 8th (ES: 0.74) sprints. Women showed a more prominent lowering effect on IOP during the control condition (ES: 0.42–1.02), and during the two first sprints of both HIIT protocols (ES: 0.54–1.03). These findings highlight that a time-efficient HIIT protocol may acutely reduce IOP levels, while low-fatigue HIIT protocol could be recommended since it induced a higher reduction on IOP than the high-fatigue HIIT protocol.

\nIn adipose tissue, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and perilipin5 (PLIN5) play an important role in the regulation of lipolysis. However, little is known about the effect of interval training intensity on ATGL and PLIN5 in visceral adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic male rats. In this study, forty male Wistar rats were assigned into two groups as follows: healthy control (HC) (n=8) and T2D (n=32) groups which were fed with their corresponding diets for 10 weeks. After the induction of diabetes, CD animals and 8 rats from the D group were sacrificed (first experiment), and the remaining T2D animals were divided to moderate intensity interval training (MIIT), high intensity interval training (HIIT) and control (DC2) groups. Interval training (HIIT, MIIT) was applied for 12 weeks, 5 sessions per week. The MIIT protocol included 13 bouts of 4-minute activity with equivalent intensity of 60-65% vo2max and the HIIT protocol included 10 bouts of 4-minute activity with equivalent intensity of 85-90% vo2max with 2-minute active rest periods. The Western Blot method was used to measure PLIN5 and ATGL protein levels. ANOVA and Tukey's test were used for data analysis. The results indicated that type 2 diabetes resulted in a significant increase in the protein levels of PLIN5 (p&lt;0.01) and non-significant increase in the protein levels of ATGL (p=0.19). In contrast, both HIIT and MIIT protocols led to a significant decrease in protein levels of PLIN5 (p= 0.001), while they had no significant effects on protein levels of ATGL (p˃05/0). When compared to the CD2, there was no significant difference between the two training groups in protein levels of PLIN5 and ATGL (p˃0.05). Our finding indicated that interval training, independent of the exercise intensity, resulted in suppression of diabetes-induced PLIN5 which may be involved in the stimulation of visceral adipose tissue lipolysis.\n