Regulation of the Employment Status of Seafarers

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Substance Abuse Service Needs, Utilization, and Outcomes in California

Wednesday, September 26, 2018 7:35 AM–9:00 AM ePosters: P71. The effects of insurance and employment on the presence of Waddell signs

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted economically-disadvantaged populations in the United States (US). Precarious employment conditions may contribute to these disparities by impeding workers in such conditions from adopting COVID-19 mitigation measures to reduce infection risk. This study investigated the relationship between employment and economic conditions and the adoption of COVID-19 protective behaviors among US workers during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsEmploying a social media advertisement campaign, an online, self-administered survey was used to collect data from 2,845 working adults in April 2020. Hierarchical generalized linear models were performed to assess the differences in engagement with recommended protective behaviors based on employment and economic conditions, while controlling for knowledge and perceived threat of COVID-19, as would be predicted by the Health Belief Model (HBM).ResultsEssential workers had more precarious employment and economic conditions than non-essential workers: 67% had variable income; 30% did not have paid sick leave; 42% had lost income due to COVID-19, and 15% were food insecure. The adoption of protective behaviors was high in the sample: 77% of participants avoided leaving home, and 93% increased hand hygiene. Consistent with the HBM, COVID-19 knowledge scores and perceived threat were positively associated with engaging in all protective behaviors. However, after controlling for these, essential workers were 60% and 70% less likely than non-essential workers, who by the nature of their jobs cannot stay at home, to stay at home and increase hand hygiene, respectively. Similarly, participants who could not afford to quarantine were 50% less likely to avoid leaving home (AOR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.4, 0.6) than those who could, whereas there were no significant differences concerning hand hygiene.ConclusionsOur findings are consistent with the accumulating evidence that the employment conditions of essential workers and other low-income earners are precarious, that they have experienced disproportionately higher rates of income loss during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and face significant barriers to adopting protective measures. Our findings underscore the importance and need of policy responses focusing on expanding social protection and benefits to prevent the further deepening of existing health disparities in the US.

Background : Lengthening life expectancy of population worldwide has led to rapid growth of the elderly population. This change indicates good development progress. However, it also poses quality of life concern among the elderly. Since the elderly have limitation in many ways, their quality of life decreases, often requiring self-confidence, family support, as well as community awareness, to improve their quality of life. Quality of life is affected by physical, psychological, social and environmental conditions. This study aimed to determine the effects of self efficacy, education, employment status, income, family support, social capital, and residential status on the quality of life of the elderly. Subjects dan M et hod : This was an analytic observational study using cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in 6 villages, in Sidorejo sub-district, Salatiga, Central Java, from March to April 2017. A total sample of 150 elderlies aged between 60 to 74 years old were selected for this study by stratified random sampling. The exogenous variables were education, social capital and residential status. The endogenous variables were family support, self efficacy, employment status, income, and the quality of life. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. Results : The quality of life of the elderly was directly affected by income (b=0.06; SE= 1.16; p=0.005), family support (b=0.14; SE=0.22; p=0.003), and self efficacy (b=0.79; SE= 0.11;Â p<0.001). Family support was affected by residence status (b=0.54; SE=0.88; p<0,001), income (b=0.21; SE=0.40; p<0.001), and social capital (b=0.41; SE=0.02; p<0.001). Self efficacy was affected by family support (b=0.54; SE=0.10; p<0.001), and social capital (b=0.40; SE=0.04; p<0.001). Employment status was affected by education (b=0.16; SE=0.09; p=0.043). Income was influenced by education (b= 0.71; SE= 0.06; p<0.001). Conclusion : The quality of life of the elderly is directly affected by income, family support, and self efficacy. The quality of life is indirectly affected by education, employment status, social capital, and residential status. K eywords : quality of life, influencing factor, elderly, path analysis Correspondence :Â Kadarwati. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: kadarwati297@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285728953956. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(1):Â 58-69 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.01.06 Â

BackgroundLittle is known of the cognitive functions, employment, and social status in adult survivors of childhood brain tumor (BT). We aimed to determine the long-term neurocognitive profile of radiotherapy-treated adult survivors of childhood BT and the relationship between cognitive functions and employment and social status.MethodsNeurocognitive profiles of survivors were assessed in a Finnish national cohort of 71 radiotherapy-treated survivors of childhood BT (median follow-up time: 21 years [range: 5-33 years]) using a cross-sectional design. Neurocognitive outcomes were compared to control (n = 45) and normative values. Tumor- and treatment-related data were collected from the patient files. Information on employment and social status was gathered.ResultsSurvivors’ (median age: 27 years [range: 16-43 years]) median verbal and performance intelligence quotient (IQ) was 90 (range: 49-121) and 87 (range: 43-119), respectively. The cognitive domains with the greatest impairment were executive functions (median z score, −3.5 SD [range: −25.0 to 1.3 SD]), and processing speed and attention (median z score, −2.5 SD [range: −24.9 to 0.5 SD]). Executive functions were associated with employment, educational level, living independently, having an intimate relationship, and having a driving license. Processing speed and attention were related to educational level, living independently, having an intimate relationship, and having a driving license. Performance IQ was associated with educational level and employment status. Working memory was associated with educational level and living independently.ConclusionsRadiotherapy-treated adult survivors of childhood BT experience significant neurocognitive impairment, which is associated with difficulties related to employment and social status.

Drawing on the PIAAC data, in this paper I examine how motivational factors such as motivation to learn and grit are related to low-numerate adults’ employment status and their actual participation in lifelong learning in Germany, the United States and South Korea. In particular, the study uses PIAAC self-reported data on the degree to which the respondent “likes learning new things”, and “likes to get to the bottom of difficult things” as proxies of motivational factors in adult learning. Findings show that across three countries both motivation to learn and grit have independent relationships with adults’ employment status and actual participation in adult learning. Considering that low-skilled adults are the ones who need further learning the most, yet are repeatedly reported to have the lowest rate of participation in further learning, these findings highlight the motivational factors in adult learning. They also suggest that motivation to learn and grit may mitigate the disadvantages that ‘vulnerable’ adults experience due to low numeracy skills. Implications for mathematics educators and adult education research are discussed.

To evaluate the effects of a postsurgical rehabilitation program on employment status 2 years after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery in relation to other predictors. Employment outcome 2 years after temporal lobe resection in a group of 232 adult patients with the offer of a 3-week inpatient rehabilitation program immediately after surgery ("Reha group") was compared to a group of 119 patients who had surgery before such a rehabilitation program existed. One hundred thirty-nine (59.9%) of the Reha group patients attended the rehabilitation program. Further predictors for employment outcome were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Preoperatively, the groups did not differ significantly in variables relevant for employment, including employment rate. Two years after surgery, the rate of those not being employed had decreased in the Reha group from 38.4% to 27.6% (p < 0.001, McNemar test), and slightly increased in the control group (37.8-42.0%; n.s.), resulting in a difference of 14.4% in favor of the Reha group (p = 0.008). General unemployment rates during the two observation periods were similar. In addition to the offer of rehabilitation support ("Reha group") and preoperative employment, the following other variables were shown as significant predictors of employment post surgery in multivariate regression analysis: seizure outcome, diagnosis of a personality disorder preoperatively, and age at surgery (all, p < 0.01; Nagelkerkes R(2) = 0.59). Independently from other factors, a 3-week inpatient rehabilitation program after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery seems to improve employment status 2 years after surgery.

Section 6(4) of the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 (hereafter the EEA) seeks to provide an explicit basis for three types of equal pay claims. It is clear from section 6(4) of the EEA that there are various elements that an equal pay claimant must prove across the three equal pay causes of action. The only element considered in this article is "[a] difference in terms and conditions of employment". No definition is provided in the EEA, the Employment Equity Regulations (GN R595 in GG 37873 of 1 August 2014) or the Code of Good Practice on Equal Pay/Remuneration for Work of Equal Value (GN 448 in GG 38837 of 1 June 2015) as to what would fall within the ambit of "terms and conditions of employment" as referred to in section 6(4) of the EEA. It is important to know what would fall within the ambit of terms and conditions of employment as one of the elements an equal pay claimant must prove is that there is a difference in "terms and conditions of employment". This importance is furthermore evidenced by the fact that an employer can defeat an equal pay claim if it is able to show that the cause of the equal pay complaint does not fall within the ambit of terms and conditions of employment. This article seeks to answer the question as to what falls within the ambit of terms and conditions of employment for the purpose of equal pay claims as contemplated in section 6(4) of the EEA by having reference to domestic and international labour law.

Call for Mandatory Flu Vaccination Grows

Existing research has not as yet demonstrated that mother's employment per se has consistent effects on adolescent perceptions and academic performance. Recent investigations have focused on the effect of mother's employment and occupational status on adolescents self assessments and school outcomes in intact families. In addition, the effect of father's occupational status on adolescent perceptions and achievements was assessed. A sample of 1675 year students (896 males and 779 females) served as subjects for this investigation. The major results were that mother's employment outside the home was associated with low preference for science subjects among males while for females, mother's employment status was associated with high preference for mathematics subjects and a favourable attitude to doing well in school. In addition, the occupational status of mothers who did work was related to the amount of control male adolescents felt they had over events affecting their lives: boys with mothers employed in low‐status occupations tended to have more external control orientations than those with mothers employed in high‐status occupations. Also, males with mothers in low‐status occupations had lower preferences for mathematics subjects than males whose mothers were employed in high‐status occupations. However, no variables were entered into the predictive model of mother's occupational status for the female sample. Father's occupational status was also found to be associated with a number of adolescent's perceptions. Implications of these results for research into the effects of mother's employment status and mother's and father's occupational status for adolescent perceptions and performance were discussed.

7 - The Effects of Basic Socioeconomic Factors on Mortality

Youth unemployment is a relevant issue among most European countries; therefore, it is important to understand its individual and situational determinants. This study aimed to investigate a conceptual model that explains the associations among positivity (POS), perceived support from employment agencies, perceived employability (PE), and employment status in a sample of 317 unemployed Italian youth involved in the Youth Guarantee program. In particular, this study investigated the relationships between POS and PE and between PE and employment. Moreover, we analyzed whether the relationship between POS and employment status was mediated by PE and whether the relationship between POS and PE was moderated by perceived support from employment agencies. Results showed that PE totally mediated the relationship between POS and employment status. Furthermore, the moderating role of perceived support from agencies was confirmed; when high, it boosted the relationship between POS and PE. In sum, this study contributes to understanding the key impact of POS on PE, as well as the role played by employment agencies as a “catalyst” of this relationship, allowing, with their support, unemployed youth to maximize their opportunity to find a job. Implications for both research and practice are discussed.

The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between educational level, employment status and sexual activity after delivery. The study was conducted on 286 women with experience of vaginal delivery who completed the questionnaire about age, education, employment, and health status for themselves and partners. Time of the first intercourse and its frequency in the first year after childbirth was observed. Relationship between the variables observed was explored by using multiple linear regression. The mean pregnancy duration was 39 weeks. The mean age of participants was 29.9 (16 to 44) years. Most women had high education (n=170, 59.4%), 114 (39.9%) had secondary, and 2 (0.7%) had primary educational level. Although there were significant differences in the time of the first intercourse and maternal educational level (p=0.013872), partner's employment status (p=0.007403) and maternal age (p= 0.01107), as well as differences in the frequency of intercourse in the first year following delivery and partner's educational level (p=0.016929), multiple correlation coefficients indicated a very weak correlation. According to study results, the correlation of educational level, employment status and sexual activity after childbirth is weak.

¿Cómo influye la situación laboral en los efectos de la inseguridad residencial sobre la salud?

This study aims to describe the development of employment and analyze changes in the structure of employment by employment and employment status in North Sulawesi Province. This study uses secondary data of Population Census, National Labor Force Survey, and North Sulawesi in Figures 2010 and 2015. Data analysis using simple calculation method, that is data according to employment and job status calculated percentage then displayed in table and graph form to explain about changes of labor structure in North Sulawesi Province. The results showed that employment opportunities according to employment in North Sulawesi Province dominated by three sectors, namely the agricultural sector, service sector, and trade sector. Sectors in the secondary sector are low in providing employment opportunities in North Sulawesi. If employment is simplified into three sectors, namely primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, then the largest employment opportunities are in the tertiary sector (trade, transportation, finance, services), then primary (agriculture), and the lowest in the secondary sector (mining , industry, electricity and buildings). Based on employment status, the highest percentage is to work as a worker/employee/employee with an increasing tendency. However, when grouped into formal and informal sectors, the highest employment opportunity is in the informal sector. Based on the result of the research, it is concluded that job opportunity of agriculture sector still dominates employment in North Sulawesi. The role of agriculture/primary sector in providing job opportunities decreased; on the contrary the service sector/tertiary role was increasing. Employment opportunities by employment status in North Sulawesi, the highest percentage is employed as laborers/employees/employees. The role of the formal sector in providing employment increases, while the informal sector is declining.