Abstract
Immune dysfunction is caused by various factors, including changes in relevant immune regulators and environmental stress. Immune system imbalance leads to a variety of diseases in humans. Nutrition may play an essential role in immunity by interfering with proinflammatory cytokine synthesis, immune cell regulation, and gene expression. Polyphenols, one of many categories of natural substances, exhibit a range of biological activities. Polyphenols promote immunity to foreign pathogens via various pathways. Different immune cells express multiple types of polyphenol receptors that recognise and allow cellular uptake of polyphenols, which subsequently activate signalling pathways to initiate immune responses. Furthermore, the polyphenols curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate can induce epigenetic changes in cells. In summary, polyphenols can be used to regulate intestinal mucosal immune responses, allergic diseases, and antitumour immunity.
Highlights
Immune system function is closely related to human health
The ingestion of tannins isolated from apples has been shown to prevent the development of food allergies, and this effect may be associated with an increase in the proportion of γδ T cell receptor (TCR) T cells in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes [74]
Regarding the future development of polyphenols as immune factors, we propose the following recommendations: (1) It is fruitful to investigate the suitable time, dose, and means of polyphenols to optimise its functions in a large number of animal models and in human subjects
Summary
The pathogeneses of many human diseases involve immune function. Polyphenols vary in terms of stability, especially in the context of intestinal digestion Compounds such as anthocyanin and flavonoids are relatively unstable in the duodenum [6], whereas total polyphenols and anthocyanins are generally very stable at simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, with approximate recovery rates of 93% and 99%, respectively [7]. Polyphenols in red wine can significantly increase the level of interleukin(IL-) 21 and decrease the release of IL-1β and IL-6 [8] Both a polyphenol-enriched diet and Ascaris suum infection were found to modulate porcine mucosal immune responses and gut microbiota compositions [1]. We summarise the effects of polyphenols on different types of immune responses
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