REGIONAL AND ETHNIC VALUES, LANGUAGE AS A KEY FACTOR OF PRESERVING NATIONAL IDENTITY OF ETHNIC GROUPS, BASED ON THE TRADITIONS OF WESTERN GEORGIA – MARRIAGE

<p><em>The article deals with the features of modern lexicography, which is at a new stage of development. The stages of the creation and use of dictionaries, which is one of the most ancient activities related to the word, are analyzed. The first printed lexicographic works are named. It has been found out that depending on the content of the material and the method of its processing, all dictionaries are divided into two types: encyclopedic and linguistic (philological). The type of dictionary depends on who it is addressed to. There are academic dictionaries, which present the most complete information about the lexical unit, and the training, aimed at teaching a person who is mastering a particular language, correctly use the word. There are also dictionaries for wide use and dictionaries, directories addressed to representatives of a particular profession. Theoretical lexicography describes the general theory of the creation of dictionaries: the principles of selection and placement of lexical material, the structure of the vocabulary article, types of vocabulary values and correlation of various types of information about the word. Practical lexicography, which provides language training, description and normalization, arose because of the need to explain unfamiliar or obscure words that were written in the form of interpretations by the author like marginal notes or directly in the text of the manuscript. </em></p> <p><em>It is investigated that modern lexicography develops in two main directions. The first is to create specialized dictionaries that would contain information of the same type: the spelling of the word, its origin, lexical meanings, ways of linking the words in the sentence. The second involves the creation of complex dictionaries that would represent as much information as possible about the word: not only interpreted its meaning, described the grammatical characteristics, rules of pronunciation and spelling, but also argued the peculiarities of use in different styles, word-formation opportunities. </em></p> <p><em>It is mentioned that the educational purpose of dictionaries was taken into account from the very beginning of the existence of vocabulary; educational lexicography, as a separate branch, arose only in the middle of the twentieth century, when it was formulated its theoretical foundations and requirements for the conclusion of educational dictionaries, therefore, during the study of the course «Ukrainian language (for professional orientation)» one of the necessary conditions for the training of future teachers is the formation of professional competencies, in particular the ability to work with dictionaries to solve linguistic problems. </em></p>

Marriage in general is closely related to the two foundations of community life, namelyculture and religion. Culture is a very important traditional wedding ceremony, because traditional marriage will still exist in a cultured society. The traditional marriage system of the Lamaholot ethnic group has a hereditary culture, namely the traditional marriage of belis bala. Belis bala is a sacred aspect for the Lamaholot ethnicity, where men cannot undermine a woman's dignity. This study aims to determine: (a) The perspective of the younger generation on the belis bala in the Lamaholot ethnic traditional marriage system and (b) the inculturation of the church towards the traditional Laamaholot ethnic marriage system. Supported by Marcel Mauss' theory of reciprocity in compiling this research and the research model was made with the type of qualitative research, including data collection by observation, interviews, literature study and data analysis to process research results. The results of this study indicate the perspective of the younger generation, namely, there are some of them who feel heavy belis bala and want relief, but some others consider the traditional marriage system of belis bala as a challenge for them to be able to have their idol girl. They still want to maintain this traditional belis bala marriage system. The church sees this as a tradition that must be maintained. The church follows the regulations made by the village government for the preservation of the belis bala marriage system.

This research is motivated by the practice of giving clans in Mandailing traditional marriages in Kotasiantar village before carrying out traditional marriage ceremonies in order to carry out traditional marriages. The formulation of the research problem is how is the process of giving clans in Mandailing traditional marriages, what are the factors and functions of clans in Mandailing traditional marriages and the last is what is the view of Islamic law on giving clans in Mandailing traditional marriages.The clan is born when a family forms a group or forms a village. With the birth of this clan, each of its descendants will continue to use the same clan. In other words, the father's clan will be passed down to his son (Patrilineal). In the Mandailing custom, the clan can be given to someone who is not from the Mandailing tribe for reasons of devotion, respect and marriage.This research is a field or qualitative research, namely research conducted with an approach that is oriented towards observed phenomena and processed using scientific logic. This type of research uses descriptive qualitative, the data source in this study uses primary and secondary data.From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the process of giving the clan in Mandailing traditional marriages is very necessary to carry out traditional marriages. The factor and function of giving a clan in a traditional Mandailing marriage is that the factor can give the clan given to him to his descendants, and its function is to get the title of harajaon. Then the view of Islamic law on the process of giving the clan may be because it does not conflict with Islamic law.

Lexical units for Thai LVCSR

This article is devoted to the issue, which usually slips away from the scholar`s glance – to attempts of traditional Ukrainian wedding or its elements reconstruction in contemporary conditions. The article`s source base consists of the author`s field researches, interviews, video and photo materials. The author pays attention to the real weddings in “folk style” as well as to the local variants of the wedding, staged by folklore ensembles.The main purpose of the article is to examine such practices in aspects of their functionality, process, material and interaction content and, at last, factors that structure the situation of reconstruction and allow to recognize it among other collective actions. To reach the last aim frame-analysis, developed by E. Goffman, is used.The motivations of the reconstructors can be different: participation in some festival or competition in case of staged performances; sincerely desire, connected with professional or extra-professional interests in case of the real “ethnographical weddings”. However, in the latter case participators often realize their activity as some extraordinary behavior, deserving for some self-irony.The author makes conclusion that wedding rite`s reconstructions fluctuate between two pairs of social senses. First of all, it seems that real “ethnographical weddings” often have connotation of the averaged “Ukrainian” wedding, despite they appeal to the certain social and historical variant of the wedding – traditional peasant wedding of the XVIII and XIX centuries. The second pair of senses is the wedding as it is and performance – in the “real” weddings it is notable actualized.The research shows that in many cases reconstruction of traditional wedding can be understood as a collage, made from different sources. Besides that such structuring factors of this situation are defined: locality of reconstruction, presence of alien spectators, scenario, filming and demand in concentrate format. If the “ethnographical wedding” has schematic view, it draws near to the frame of performance. And the more detailed it is, the closer to the traditional wedding it becomes. Wedding reconstructions in Ukraine represent all spectrum between these two frames. Opposed to some historiographical positions, real weddings in “folk style” isn`t only illusion of reality or authenticity. In contemporary circumstances they can reach forms, senses and importance of traditional wedding, although it seems impossible to define some “formula” of successful synthesis of ethnographical material in certain reconstruction.

Historically, wedding traditions have reflected unequal power dynamics between women and men. Anglo-American studies suggest that despite growing gender equality in society and preferences for egalitarian marriages among young adults, wedding traditions perpetuate patriarchal ideas. This article explores this puzzle in the Nordic context. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with Norwegian millennials, 27 women and men, who were soon to be married or had been recently. How this new generation navigates three wedding traditions rooted in gender inequality — the male marriage proposal, the gendered division of wedding planning and women's change of surname — was investigated by identifying gender dynamics at the institutional, interactional and individual level. The study makes two main contributions to the literature. First, it brings new insights into whether and how wedding traditions are maintained or resisted in a Nordic context, extending existing Anglo-American research. Second, representing a novel empirical lens to the Nordic context, the study also advances knowledge about the progress in gender equality in a hitherto little studied domain.

The selection of appropriate Lexical Units (LUs) is an important issue in the development of Continuous Speech Recognition (CSR) systems. Words have been used classically as the recognition unit in most of them. However, proposals of non-word units are beginning to arise. Basque is an agglutinative language with some structure inside words, for which non-word morpheme like units could be an appropriate choice. In this work a statistical analysis of units obtained after morphological segmentation has been carried out. This analysis shows a potential gain of confusion rates in CSR systems, due to the growth of the set of acoustically similar and short morphemes. Thus, several proposals of Lexical Units are analysed to deal with the problem. Measures of Phonetic Perplexity and Speech Recognition rates have been computed using different sets of units and, based on these measures, a set of alternative non-word units have been selected.KeywordsLexical UnitsCSRaglutinative languages

In recent decades, linguistic research has seen an expansion of the range of issues that address the relationship between emotions and language. The importance of studying the emotive vocabulary in languages of the world is proven by an increased interest in the analysis of various aspects of emotive vocabulary, also by the development of the history of emotion as an independent theoretical concept of modern linguistics. One of the areas of analysis is the study of emotive vocabulary in texts written in ancient languages from the point of view of its etymological, functional, stylistic and semantic characteristics. The study of ancient Germanic emotive vocabulary contributes to the reconstruction of fragments of a medieval person’s emotional picture, contributes to the systematization of linguistic means of representing emotions and clarification of the norms of socially prescribed emotional behavior in a particular linguistic culture. The purpose of this article is to identify an inventory of the lexical and semantic group “basic emotions” in the Gothic language and to characterize their etymological links. The article is a case study of 119 lexical units, representing both the names of basic emotions and their manifestations as reactions in Gothic texts. The empirical material for analysis was formed using continuous sampling. The analysis of the language material was carried out using the methods of scientific description and generalization, the method of analyzing dictionary definitions, interpreting the results, and using the method of quantitative calculation. In this article, the emotive vocabulary (i.e. emotives) is understood as a set of language units with differing structural and functional characteristics (lexical, phraseological, syntactic, morphological, textual), in the semantics of which emotions are reflected in different proportions. The inventory of emotion vocabulary includes lexical and phraseological emotive units that are capable of expressing emotional experiences independently, and emotive means of the phonetic, prosodic, morphological, syntactic levels, which are of an auxiliary nature. The article analyzes a group of emotive units of the first type. The emotive vocabulary of the Gothic language is a system of lexical means functionally aiming at the social coding of the emotional behavior accepted in the corresponding language community. The lexical units of the Gothic emotive vocabulary include direct representations of emotions, descriptions of emotional reactions through the symptomatology of their manifestation, and units that directly express emotions. The article analyzes the lexical units of the first two types, semantically representing basic emotions (according to K.E. Izard). The study of the Gothic emotive lexicon confirms the fact that all emotions of the basic level, namely, interest, joy, surprise, grief, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame and guilt are lexically designated in the language. The lexical-semantic group “basic emotions” is represented by nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, in quantitative terms unevenly distributed in segments related to different emotions. According to the collected data, such core emotions as joy (pleasure), anger (rage) and fear (horror) have been extensively represented in Gothic, for which more than ten designations have been identified. The analysis of representations of basic emotions in the Gothic language makes it possible to evaluate both the relative chronology pertinent to the entrance of the emotion words to the word stock and the adaptability of language means for conveying nonnative concepts in a translated text in the context of a social bilingual environment. In the overwhelming majority, the vocabulary of emotions is represented by derivatives based on the verbal or adjectival stems. Nouns denoting basic emotions in Gothic are represented by the lexemes of all three grammatical genders that belong to the declension types ending in either a vowel or a consonant, with a prevalence of feminine nouns. The morphemic structure of emotion words usually contains a word-forming suffixal element (a suffix per se or a stem-forming suffix of a “younger” origin). The most ancient layer of nominal designations of emotions includes neuter nouns of the declension types in -a and in -ja. Verbal representatives of the emotion vocabulary under consideration belong to different classes of the Gothic weak verbs; a few cases are examples of strong, preterite-present and reduplicating verbs. A written religious document in the Gothic language demonstrates the whole range of basic emotions that people could experience in the past, and why they experienced them, i.e. in connection with what situations, also in what form they felt them, what social practices generated a certain “code” of emotional manifestations.

Traditional marriage is actually a bond between men and women who are united through traditional marriage rituals by going through various stages in the custom, as a legal customary marriage process between husband and wife. Customary marriage is not only a bond between husband and wife, but involves the entire extended family of both parties, relatives and tribes or clans who are part of the members of the couple legalized in the customary marriage. Through traditional marriages, kinship and kinship relations are increasing and increasingly displaying a social relationship that creates a familial bond between the two parties. This kinship and kinship relationship is a sign that customary marriage is not only legalizing husband and wife but more than that, embracing the big family and the relationships in the social life of the community become full of brotherly bonds with each other. With traditional marriages that are structured in an area, it is proof that the community is able to maintain and preserve the value of the traditional marriage in social life and is able to provide education to the community and the younger generation to maintain the elements and values ??contained in the traditional marriage. In the midst of increasingly rapid developments, the role of indigenous peoples has become more active in maintaining the nobility of these customary values. Therefore, the participation of all parties in social groups is important because without the involvement of all parties from within the family, community, tribal/clan members, local government and customary stakeholder institutions as well as society in general in social groups, so that cultural heritage cannot be lost. only belongs to individuals but belongs to all people in social groups, because it is a sign and identity of every community in social life.

The existence of variations in determining the dowry in Terang Kampung traditional marriages in Oemasi Village is one of the socio-cultural issues in Oemasi Village, Nekamese District, Kupang Regency. This research aims were to describe the reasons for providing dowry as part of the traditional marriage system, to explore the basic reasons for determining level of dowry, and to explain the implementation of dowry payments in this community. This research applied empirical legal research methods (Empirical Legal Research) with the population were 226 of all the heads of families in Oemasi Village, and 23 of them were selected purposively as sample. The informants in this research were 5 people consisting of the village head, the head of hamlet, village representative body and local traditional elders. Data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods. The research results indicated that the reason the practice of giving dowry is still implemented in Oemasi Village is because it is part of cultural preservation and respect for parents. The basic principles for determining the price of the dowry are first, the marriage history of the prospective bride's biological mother, the cost of conducting the party as well as the education and employment level of the prospective bride. Furthermore, the traditional marriage system in Oemasi Village consists of 3 stages, namely the first stage is called Lipa Oko or Oko Lipa (Introduction or recognition stages) the second stage is called Puah Manus (Hallf of dowry) and the third stage is called Noni Bijael (Full of dowry). However, not all respondents have completed the three stages of traditional marriage with the main reason is related to economic factors. Therefore, this research recommends that there is a need for deliberation at the village level to find a proper solution regarding the problem of variations in the amount of dowry in Terang Kampung Village Traditional Marriages in Oemasi Village.

This article discusses the peculiarities of linguistic consciousness of the representatives of ethnoses of Latin American countries through the modern dialects of Spanish language. Analysis is conducted on the lexicon of the national cuisine of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The article includes the analysis of linguistic zones of the Spanish language. The goal lies in examination of the lexicon of national cuisine of Latin American countries and, and creation of culinary dictionary of Spanish-speaking countries. The author aims to determine the national-specific gastronomic realities of Latin American countries through the prism of ethno-cultural space, and establish correlation between the uniqueness of gastronomic realities with the mentality and fragments of the linguistic worldview of Latin American countries. The conclusion is formulated on the impact of loanwords upon the national culinary lexicon of Latin American countries. The author draws a chart with the lexemes of national cuisines of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. In accordance with the linguistic zones of Spanish language, the national culinary lexicon is divided into three groups of indigenisms; considering the influence of other languages on the formation of the vocabulary of the regional Spanish language, the national culinary lexicon is divided into the following loanwords (Africanisms, Arabisms, Gallicisms, Anglicisms, and Italianisms). Lexical units, which are widespread in the territory of two, three, or four national dialects of the Spanish language are referred to as regionalisms. Lexical units that are characteristic to one national dialect of the Spanish language are referred to as variantisms. The proper names are allocated into a separate group. The scientific novelty consists in examination of the poorly studied national culinary lexicon of such Latin American countries as Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

Specialized languages can activate different sets of semantic features when compared to general language or express concepts through different words according to the domain. The specialized lexicon, i.e., lexical units that denote more specific concepts and knowledge emerging from specific domains, however, co-exists with the common lexicon, i.e., the set of lexical units that denote concepts and knowledge shared by the average speakers, regardless of their specific training or expertise. Communication between specialists and non-specialists can show a big gap between language(s), and therefore lexical units, used by the two groups. However, quite often, semantic and conceptual overlapping between specialized and common lexical units occurs and, in many cases, the specialized and common units refer to close concepts or even point to the same reality. Considering the modeling of meaning in functional lexical resources, this paper puts forth a solution that links common and specialized lexica within the WordNet model framework. We propose a new relation expressing semantic proximity between common and specialized units and define the conditions for its establishment. Besides contributing to the observation and understanding of the process of knowledge specialization and its reflex on the lexicon, the proposed relation allows for the integration of specialized and non-specialized lexicons into a single database, contributing directly to improving communication in specialist/non-specialist contexts, such as teaching–learning situations or health professional-patient interactions, among many others, where code-switching is frequent and necessary.

The architecture and implemented a software system parsing schemes of algebraic algebra and their interpretation. The software system allows to generate automated in such schemes create a program and debug the relevant schemes. A clear division of algebraic algebra into separate modules is defined, each of which will be characterized by its functional load. The methods of parsing for the development and presentation of grammar such schemes are used. Automatic transforming it in a list form is implemented. A machine system of algebraic algebra as an abstract interpretation of the mechanism of grammar parser is defined. The vocabulary V consists of finite not empty set of lexical units. The expression on V is a finite-length string of lexical units with V. An empty string does not contain lexical items and is denoted by Λ. The set of all lexical units over V is denoted as V ′. The language over V is a subset V ′. The language displayed through the set of all lexical units of language or through definition criteria, which should satisfy lexical items that belong to the language. Another is one important method to set the language through the use of generative grammar. The grammar consists of a lexical units set of various types and the rules or productions set of expression constructing. Grammar has a vocabulary V, which is the set of lexical units for language expressions building. Some of lexical units of vocabulary (terminal) can not be replaced by other lexical units. The text realizes structural submitted activities through provides subject, object, process, purpose, means and results that appear in content, structural, functional and communicative criteria and parameters. The units of internal organization of the text structure are alphabet, vocabulary (paradigmatics), grammar (syntagmatic) paradigm, paradigmatic relations, syntagmatic relation, identification rules, expressions, unity between phrasal, fragments and blocks. On the compositional level are isolated sentences, paragraphs, sections, chapters, under the chapter, page etc. that (except the sentence) indirectly related to the internal structure because are not considered. With the help of a database (database for terms/morphemes and structural parts of speech) and defined rules of text analysis searching terms. Parsers operate in two stages: lexemes content identifying and a parsing tree creates.

The paper deals with possibilities of the incremental compiler construction. It represents the compiler construction possibilities for languages with a fixed set of lexical units and for languages with a variable set of lexical units, too. The methodology design for the incremental compiler construction is based on the known algorithms for standard compiler construction and derived for both groups of languages. Under the group of languages with a fixed set of lexical units there belong languages, where each lexical unit has its constant meaning, e.g., common programming languages. For this group of languages the paper tries to solve the problem of the incremental semantic analysis, which is based on incremental parsing. In the group of languages with a variable set of lexical units (e.g., professional typographic system TEX), it is possible to change arbitrarily the meaning of each character on the input file at any time during processing. The change takes effect immediately and its validity can be somehow limited or is given by the end of the input. For this group of languages this paper tries to solve the problem case when we use macros temporarily changing the category of arbitrary characters.

The procession of traditional marriage is a custom in the community that contains all rituals and require the implementation that must done by many people. The dilemma that occurs in the people of Sumbawa is a problem that must be faced together between the community and the government. This paper tries to explore and examine how the practice of traditional Sumbawa marriage when the Covid-19 pandemic took place in Brang Biji Village, Sumbawa District, Sumbawa Besar Regency. This research is a field research using descriptive analytical method. In this case, the local government has issued a policy during a pandemic Covid-19 to any person who performs his business to always implement health protocols. Meanwhile, the community understands that the traditional marriage procession must always be carried out and the pandemic is not a barrier. The obligation to carry out a traditional marriage procession is not regulated in terms of harmony or marriage conditions, but this customary procession does not contradict Islamic law. Marriage will remain valid if it is carried out in harmony and legal conditions of marriage according to Islamic law without carrying out the traditional procession in marriage. The government should provide an understanding to the community that during the Covid-19 pandemic, traditional marriage processions brought more mafsadah than benefits. Traditional procession becomes less meaningful if it ultimately brings bad consequences to himself or others