Reflections on the Economic Security of the State in the National Security Strategies of the Republic of Poland

Статтю присвячено дослідженню формальних та прикладних зв’язків між концепціями національної та економічної безпеки України. Встановлено, що економічна безпека є здебільшого складовою частиною національної безпеки, яка, своєю чергою, являє собою складний, багатоелементний феномен. За результатами фахового опрацювання численних наукових джерел наголошено на тому, що лише спільні фахові зусилля українських правників та економістів дозволять запропонувати більш універсальне й водночас глибоке розуміння національної безпеки, стратегічних пріоритетів нашої держави у сфері національної та економічної безпеки, а також порівняти стратегічну політику нашої держави в цих напрямах із аналогічними документами в державах-партнерах України. Зазначено, що для подальшого розвитку в цьому напрямі важливо ретельно проаналізувати в порівняльному контексті зміст вітчизняних та зарубіжних стратегій національної та економічної безпеки. Аргументовано позицію про те, що такий пропонований підхід відповідатиме глобальним трендам сучасного світу і водночас дозволить ефективно реагувати на регіональні та глобальні загрози й конфлікти. Аргументовано позицію про те, що об’єднання зусиль українських науковців, як правників, так і економістів, дозволить удосконалити доктринальні підходи до тлумачення національної безпеки України та її стратегічних пріоритетів. Такий підхід також дозволить порівняти стратегію національної безпеки нашої держави з аналогічними програмними документами держав-партнерів. Наголошено на тому, що майбутні наукові дослідження в окресленому напрямі доцільно зосередити на детальному порівняльному аналізі національних і зарубіжних стратегій у сфері національної та економічної безпеки. Такий підхід не лише відповідатиме глобальним тенденціям XXI століття, але й сприятиме адекватному реагуванню на регіональні й глобальні виклики, зокрема ті, які наразі постають перед Україною у складній геополітичній ситуації.

Introduction. The article substantiates and proves the objective necessity of forming a system of vectors for assessing economic security, taking into account the transformational challenges of our time; certain trends in economic security and their key markers, which reflect modern transformation processes, namely: economic, technological, educational trends, socio-political, demographic and environmental. The proposed trends in economic security correspond to modern economic realities and develop the provisions of the concept of national economic security, taking into account new external economic and internal economic and socio-political conditions, challenges and threats to the functioning of the national economy. Goal. The goal of the article is to prepare trends in the approach to the formation of economic security of the state and their key signs that reflect modern transformation processes, namely: economic, technological, trend areas of education, socio-political, demographic and environmental. Results. The article states that during the last decade is actively developing and applies to the application of a risk-oriented approach to the formation of a system of economic security in one country. Within the risk-oriented approach, risks and their potential consequences are constructed by the system of combating danger precisely and the basis of such an approach. The peculiarity of the risk-oriented approach is that it takes into account not only the likely threats, but also the ability of the country to counteract such threats, identifying its potential vulnerability. Relationships between national security and economics increased as globalization and economic integration increased in recent decades. For open economies of the world, these interconnections are manifested as opportunities and possible threats to their national security. It is the definition of "risks vectors" that allows the channels of interactions between economic factors and national security. Relationships between national security and economics increased as globalization and economic integration increased in recent decades. For open economies of the world, these interconnections are manifested as opportunities and possible threats to their national security. It is the definition of "risks vectors" that allows the channels of interactions between economic factors and national security.

This study is aimed at analyzing the economic security management system in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The purpose of the publication is to determine the evolution of the legal framework for the formation of China’s economic security system, as well as scientific efforts in this area. The author reveals the key approaches of Chinese scholars to understanding economic security, and reflects the disclosure of various aspects of national and economic security in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and numerous legal acts. The methodology of the article is based on the use of the methods of analysis and synthesis, retrospective analysis, modeling, legal analysis, induction and deduction. The scientific novelty of the article is to substantiate the criteria for studying the paradigm shift in ensuring economic security as part of China’s national security and, on this basis, to identify four stages of development of the institutional framework for ensuring economic security in the Chinese State. The paper analyzes in detail the concepts and ideas of achieving economic security that have developed in the scientific community of China. The author examines the trends in changes in state policy on national security and the development of social relations in the context of the growing importance of economic security. The authors also study the overall system of economic security, analyze its components and mechanisms of interaction between them. The authors emphasize the transition from the traditional concept of national security, which is mainly based on the military sphere, to a new paradigm with an emphasis on ensuring the economic stability of the country. The author presents the system of Chinese legal acts regulating activities related to national economic security. Particular attention is paid to the possibility of comparing the results of this study with other similar studies in order to develop clearer guidelines for theoretical research and practical activities in the field of national economic security. From the methodological point of view, the article uses a dialectical approach that combines theoretical research methods from various sciences (history, legal analysis) to ensure the depth and breadth of the analysis. The study concludes that strengthening administrative and legal support for economic security will help strengthen China’s position both domestically and internationally. For Ukraine, the approach adopted by the Chinese government will help clarify some theoretical concepts and aspects of economic security practices, providing guidance for the public administration in addressing common problems related to national security.

Relevance of the research topic. The globalization threats of modernity determine the extreme urgency of the problem of ensuring the national security of any state. A new large-scale challenge for national security of Ukraine was the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, a large-scale war that began on February 24, 2022. Under conditions of military aggression, the role and significance of the further development of security are enhanced. Formulation of the problem. Given the relevance and need to deepen the theoretical foundations of security, especially in the context of current warfare, as well as the conceptual definition of mechanisms (tools) for ensuring security in various areas, scientific intelligence of individual components, in particular, economic and financial security, their multi-stage and multi-level nature as economic security studies are required. Analysis of recent research and publications. Such scientists as O. I. Baranovskyi [1], T. H. Vasyltsiv [5], О. А. Grishnova [12], D. V. Nikytenko [8], S. V. Onyshchenko [9], Yu. M. Kharazishvili [12], S. M. Shkarlet [11] and others devoted their works to the study of the problems of economic and financial security. The results of our own scientific research on the problem of economic and financial security are given in [2-4]. Highlighting unexplored parts of the general problem. Despite the existing scientific developments in solving these issues, the relevance and the need for their early study and solution, the issues of multi-stage and multi-level security of Ukraine, in particular, economic and financial security, appropriate and full-fledged scientific studies have not been received and considered mostly fragmentary, which actualizes the topic of research and is (should be) the further development of economic security. Statement of the problem, and the purpose of the study. The subject of the paper is the theoretical, methodical, and methodological aspects of Ukraine's multi-stage and multi-level security, particularly economic and financial security. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the essence and substantiate the theoretical foundations of the multi-stage and multi-level security of the state on the example of the economic and financial security of the state. Method and methodology of research. In the process of conducting scientific research, both general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge were used. In particular, scientific research methods were used: dialectical — to substantiate the content of theoretical provisions; abstract-logical — to determine the essence of the security of the state and its main economic and financial components; hypothetical-deductive — to build the main working hypotheses about the multi-stage security of the state; system-structural analysis and synthesis — to identify the multi-level composition of economic and financial security. Scope of the results. It is expedient to use the obtained scientific conclusions and results in scientific activities and further study of the actual problems of economic security, in the educational and scientific process of higher education institutions in the preparation of specialists in the specialty 8.18010014 "Management of financial and economic security", in the field of economic and financial security. Conclusions. The role and place of economic and financial security in the system of national security in globalization threats, in particular, in the conditions of military aggression, are determined and disclosed. The author's definition of the science of economic security as an interdisciplinary science about the essence, regularities, and ways of effective protection of national interests from real and potential, exogenous and endogenous threats is given. The multi-stage and multi-level security of the state is determined by the example of the economic and financial components of the security of Ukraine.

The essence of such concepts as “national security”, “economic security” is disclosed; the components of the national and economic security of Ukraine are defined; mechanisms of public administration economic security; the main indicators of economic security are described; detected threats that affect economic security; Recommendations are developed to improve the effectiveness of implemented measures to minimize existing threats. It is determined that at present state administration of the subjects of ensuring national security taking into account real and potential threats should be directed to the improvement of the organizational structure of the management of the subjects of ensuring national security, namely: clarification of the functions of ministries and other central executive bodies, elimination of surplus administrative units, simplification and relatively cheaper control of the management apparatus, taking into account the assessment of the impact of information networks on the management of entities with bezpechennya national security in a single information space. Having considered the components of national security, it was concluded that the most important in the overall system of national security is economic security, since it is the material basis of national sovereignty, which determines the real possibilities for securing other types of security. It is noted that the main content of economic reforms in Ukraine is the creation of conditions for overcoming poverty and excessive property stratification in society, bringing social standards closer to the level of the states of Central and Eastern Europe — the EU member states, achieving the economic criteria necessary for Ukraine to become a member of the EU. According to the adopted “Strategy of National Security of Ukraine”, the main condition for a new quality of economic growth is the provision of economic security.

Relevance of the topic. The most important part of the overall national security system is economic security, which affects almost all aspects of the life of the state, society and economy. There is a close relationship between economic security and the system of national public interests. Consideration of the designated topic as the most important unit in the system of national security is primarily due to the fact that the economy is the basis of the life of society, the state, the individual, the sustainable development of the country as a whole. Purpose: to Consider approaches to the concepts of "national security" and "economic security" and to determine the place of economic security within the framework of national security. Objectives: to explain the concept of "economic security" and national security", to consider the relationship between these definitions, to study the "Strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation." Methodology. Empirical and theoretical methods of knowledge of the surrounding economic reality. Methods of scientific abstraction, ascent from abstract to concrete, economic analysis and synthesis, inductive and deductive methods were used in the work. Results. The strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation until 2030 is considered. For any country, the most important component of national security is economic security. In the works of domestic scientists, the term "national security" and "economic security" are often removed from the category of "security". The variety of interpretations of this term can be explained by the fact that the category of "security" is defined ambiguously, allows for different interpretations. Summary. In modern conditions, the relationship of economic security within the framework of national security has not lost its relevance, while their importance increases due to the aggravation of contradictions, as well as in connection with the crisis phenomena in the world economy.

The study describes the concept of "economic security policy" in Ukraine. Relevance is determined by the need for the economic security of the state, which is determined by objective processes and phenomena that occur both in the national economy and society, and in the world space. The purpose is to determine the problem of economic security, which is key to the existence of the state. In the main results, the essence of economic security is defined as the readiness of state institutions to ensure the national interests of the state and create mechanisms for the protection of the national economy, to ensure the ability of society to maintain and renew reproductive processes and socio-political stability. The conclusion states that economic security turned out to be not only one of the most important components of the comprehensive system of national security, but also the basis for observing and realizing national interests. Among the main threats to economic and national security in politically and economically Ukraine, the author includes socio-political conflicts, the presence of a large number of people with dissatisfied and aggressive ideas, military conflicts, a high level of migration of refugees and displaced persons, the deterioration of the ecological situation, the growth of anthropogenic accidents, corruption, a high level of shadowing, in particular, a high level of corruption, the growth of unemployment and dependence on international creditors, as well as establishing high indicators of shadowing, in particular, a high level of unemployment, dependence on international creditors. In the conditions of increasing external threats, the transformation of Ukraine's state policy in the field of economic security should be aimed at eliminating signs of incapacity and forming Ukraine as a strong, innovative and independent state by implementing effective regulatory mechanisms to create a safe economic environment.

In today's crisis conditions, the functioning of the Ukrainian economy, its significant shadowing, the corruption of power, the excessive indebtedness of the state, low innovation and investment activity and negative demographic trends, there was a discrepancy between the existing system of economic security and its mechanism of counteracting threats, destructive factors of danger and existing threats, and new, specific, generated by a globalized environment and external aggression. The question about the creation of new models of national economic security, that would be effective in solving the problems of protection from modified traditional and new, specific threats, was raised. Despite the significant developments in the theory of economic security, the problem of timely detection, identification and neutralization of threats to the country's economic security remains unresolved, in particular due to the lack of a unified approach to their classification and systematization, especially with regard to modified traditional and new, specific threats. Efficiency and effectiveness of solving problems of protection against traditional and new threats is due, above all, to the correctness of their systematization and classification. In the article the approaches in the scientific literature to the classification of threats to the economic security of the state and systematization and classification of these threats in the system of economic security of the state, taking into account the trends of the current crisis situation in the economy of Ukraine are summarized. The National Security Strategy of Ukraine, approved by the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated May 26, 2015, No. 287/2015, identified, among other things, the main topical threats to the national security of Ukraine in the economic sphere. However, according to the legislation, the classification of threats to economic security is provided only within the framework of national security and does not take into account, in general, all components of the economic security of the state. At the same time, the scientific literature offers a sufficient number of different criteria for their classification. Having done their generalization, it is possible to classify the actual threats to the economic security of the state by many criteria. Such a multi-criteria classification makes it possible to comprehensively assess the variety of threats, the scale of their manifestation and the sources of their occurrence, for the adoption of managerial decisions of a biased effect on them, and not only to overcome the consequences of the manifestation of these threats. The process of occurrence of threats is complex and complex. It occurs under the influence of certain factors, phenomena and events that act as catalysts of these threats under certain conditions, which constantly and dynamically change in the external and internal environment. At the same time, each threat has its own special, as a prerequisite for the emergence, and the nature of the manifestation and degree of influence on the indicators of economic security of the state. The classification of actual threats to the economic security of the state, taking into account both traditional, known threats, and new, specific, can be used for their identification, classification, determination of causal relationships, sequence and sources of origin, assessment of the extent of their manifestation in planning and implementation of a set of measures to ensure the country's economic security and, accordingly, in creating the latest effective models of national economic security.

The article deals with some national security types in the USA and China and their specific features. Nowadays all developed world countries, including the USA and China have their national programs, laws and measures aimed at providing national security. Economic security is a national security system component part which at the same time constitutes the basis for its other structural components: military, technological, ecological, food security and etc. to be formed and function. The effective economic security system guarantees sovereignty and independence of the country, its stable and sustainable socio-economic development. The organizational and legal criteria for economic and food security regulation were researched in the given countries. The analysis of normative legal acts has revealed the lack of its unification. The main characteristic of economic and food security is that they predetermine all the vital personal, societal and state interests. The authors have analyzed contemporary problems undermining food security and economic stability in the countries mentioned. The article provides insight into the notions of "economic security" and "food security" and the methods used by authorities to ensure the security types in question. As food security is considered to be unattainable in the foreseeable future on the world scale, each state, first of all, aims to provide food security of its population. The authors come to a general conclusion that food security violations weaken national security as a whole, which makes food security, along with economic security, the most significant element of national security of the country.

The article is aimed at determining the educational component position within the national security, analysing educational factors and indicators of the security environment shaping and, on this basis, reasoning recommendations for the development of approaches towards the assessment of the educational sector in security dimensions and determining directions for the education role transformation in ensuring the national security of Ukraine in terms of a full-scale war. The positions of the educational component in the national security system were identified and its importance as a “soft” parameter of the state’s economic security was characterized, which corresponds to the Sustainable Development Goals. Based on the analysis of methodical approaches towards the assessment of the educational component of the state’s economic security, their advantages, drawbacks and limitations were determined. It was found out that the indicators of education development within the existing approaches to determining the level of security based on an integral assessment are presented fragmentarily. A comprehensive approach to determining the level of educational security was offered based on a combination of several methods and additional evaluation of individual indicators taking into account specific research goals. The dual role of education in the system of national security was grounded — as an indicator of the economic (in particular, social) security level and as its determinant, influencing other components of security. Respectively, it is stated that education can be both an object and a tool of security policy simultaneously. The significance of education as a determinant of the security environment was investigated by determining its influence on the components of security. Transformative shifts in the tasks of the national education system as a component and determinant of Ukraine's national security in terms of martial law and post-war recovery of the state were defined.

Theoretical and practical work is basic to achieving economic security. At the same time, the field of economic security has no clear boundaries, which requires the clarification on it. For present purposes, it is critical to take the specificities, the subject and object of the economic security. Two main methods of research consist of retrospective and theoretical analysis. In order to understand the problem and clarify the field of economic security, we analyzed: the socio-economic context of sourcing and maintaining the scientific and practical interesty; States’ positions and institutional transformation; research findings. As a result, analysis of socio-economic context has led to a pointing at two major areas: 1) economic security of the country, and 2) economic national security. Based on the analysis of documents fixing the "status" of economic security in the Russian Federation, it is concluded that economic security is considered in relation to national security in Russia. A wide range of problems in the field of economic security has been identified: economic security is studied at the micro, meso and macro levels (depending on the facility level); economic security of an organization, municipality, region, industries, state (depending on the management entities); economic provision for national security, national economic security, economic security of the country (depending on target-settings). Two ways of understanding the economic security are revealed based on the analysis of the foreign authors’ research results: economic security in the socio-economic context (1) and national economic security (2). The approach is argued, according to which the field of economic security should be considered as a position of preserving the economic stability and a position of preserving the targets-settings established by the management entities.

The syntagma 'national security', per se, points to the vital role that belongs to it in safeguarding the state. It is the foundation without which no society could develop economically, culturally, socially, and militarily. On the other hand, the major potential for improvement and strengthening of national security arises from the economic strength of the country. Therefore, the economic security of the state is one of the basic pillars of the national security, keeping in mind that it is unachievable without adequate economic potential of the state. The interdependence of the economic security and the national security is unbreakable, since it is not possible to establish an effective system of national security of the state without the developed national economy. The competitiveness of the economy and its economic entities in the global market is vital for the development of the national economy, since it reflects its ability to engage in the international division of labor. Macroeconomic parameters of the Serbian economy are not encouraging and are largely a consequence of its low competitiveness at micro and macro levels. Predictive observation and a deeper analysis of the economic aspect of national security refer to the need to redefine the economic model on which the Serbian economy is based. To clarify the impact of economic factors on national security, the paper proceeds from the integral discourse of an analysis of the importance of these factors. The objective of an analysis of the most important macroeconomic parameters in Serbia is a careful comprehension of the impact of the country's economic conditions on the national security. Also, an analysis of the situation of microand macro-competitiveness is used to point out the crucial influence of economic factors on the overall national security.

In the second half of the 20th century, energy supply issues became prominent, due to the realization of the limited and unequal distribution of energy resources, and the need for a fundamentally new approach in this area. The energy security system is complex, and understanding its place and relationship with other aspects can help improve the efficiency of individual elements and the overall system. This study aimed to determine the role of energy security within the security system of the Russian Federation. A hypothesis was proposed regarding its relationship with national, economic, environmental, and technological security. To test this hypothesis, content analysis was employed. The article examines the fundamental aspects of the energy security concept and summarizes various perspectives on the topic. The national security strategy of the Russian Federation was analyzed, based on which the structural elements of national security identified within the framework of strategic national priorities were highlighted. It was also determined that energy security was fixed as a component of economic security within the national security system of the Russian Federation. The content analysis of sections devoted to strategic national priorities confirmed the existence of links with economic security, as well as revealed additional links with state and social security. The hypothesis regarding the connection with technological security and energy security was not rejected based on the results of the content analysis of regulatory legal acts determining the main directions of state policy in these areas. The findings of the analysis may be of value to government authorities in terms of providing guidance for enhancing the system for securing energy supplies, monitoring, evaluating, and forecasting it.

The task of the authors was to identify the role of country economic security in the Eurasian integration. To this end, the approaches to economic security in Europe, Russia and Asian countries are analyzed. The differences in the systems of national economic security and in the key approaches to its provision are primarily due to the historically established internal economic and geo-economic conditions. There is a fairly wide range of paradigms of national economic security, primarily the differences between the European approaches and the approach of Russia. Information on the state, principles and mechanisms of organization of national economic security systems in Asian countries is practically absent in Russian science. It was also necessary to analyze the typology of threats in order to clarify the prospects of integration of national economic security systems. The authors substantiate the position that ensuring national economic security is an important imperative of integration and development in the Eurasian space, competitiveness and economic sovereignty of countries. The article systematically organizes the facts about the types of organization of national economic security, explains the need for the countries of Eurasia active system of economic security as a response to the challenges of our time. The authors formulate the basic principles of Eurasian integration in the field of national security, involving both sovereignty and harmonization of national systems aimed at protecting economic interests.

This article is dedicated to examination of the impact of social factors upon the state of national economic security, which is a vital segment within the overall system of national security. Insurance of national economic security implies activities aimed at elimination of factors that negatively affect the development and independence of the national economy. Such factors, of internal or external origin, are views as threats to national economic security. The subject of this research is internal threats that emerged as a result of unfavorable socioeconomic policy of the state. The author describes the impact of Turkish socioeconomic policy upon the state of its economic security by means of establishing a causal connection between certain manifestations of the unfavorable socioeconomic policy of the country and the emergence of threats to national economic security. The scientific novelty consists in definition of socioeconomic policy of the state as a factor affecting both, economic and national security. This hypothesis is substantiated by the following conclusions: 1) Effectiveness of socioeconomic policy of the state depends on differentiation of the distribution of benefits in the course of its realization; serving the interests of particular population group results in destabilization of the society and risks of civil confrontation, which leads to negative consequences for the national economy and adversely affects the state of national economic security. 2) Excessive burden on state budget with social and economic expenditures may negatively affect the state of national economy in the conditions of upcoming macroeconomic cataclysms. This is what happened in Turkey, when a substantial part of state budget dragged national economy to the bottom in terms of the United States economic sanctions and subsequent crisis of 2018.