Reducing Interdisciplinary Roadblocks Through Multi‐Network Collaboration on Plant–Microbial Interactions

Book Review: Principles of Plant-Microbe Interactions: Microbes for Sustainable Agriculture

Introduction to a Virtual Special Issue on cell biology at the plant-microbe interface.

This chapter reviews current advances regarding plant–microbe interactions in aquatic Utricularia. New findings on the composition and function of trap commensals, based mainly on the advances in molecular methods, are presented in the context of the ecological role of Utricularia-associated microorganisms. Bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa colonize the Utricularia trap lumen and form diverse, interactive communities. The involvement of these microbial food webs in the regeneration of nutrients from complex organic matter is explained and their potential contribution to the nutrient acquisition in aquatic Utricularia is discussed. The Utricularia–commensal system is suggested to be a suitable model system for studying plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions and related ecological questions.

Plants have developed a variety of mechanisms and regulatory pathways to change their gene expression profiles in response to abiotic stress conditions and plant–microbe interactions. The plant–microbe interaction can be pathogenic or beneficial. Stress conditions, both abiotic and pathogenic, negatively affect the growth, development, yield and quality of plants, which is very important for crops. In contrast, the plant–microbe interaction could be growth-promoting. One of the proteins involved in plant response to stress conditions and plant–microbe interactions is cyclophilin. Cyclophilins (CyPs), together with FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) and parvulins, belong to a big family of proteins with peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity (Enzyme Commission (EC) number 5.2.1.8). Genes coding for proteins with the CyP domain are widely expressed in all organisms examined, including bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants. Their different forms can be found in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondrion and in the phloem space. They are involved in numerous processes, such as protein folding, cellular signaling, mRNA processing, protein degradation and apoptosis. In the past few years, many new functions, and molecular mechanisms for cyclophilins have been discovered. In this review, we aim to summarize recent advances in cyclophilin research to improve our understanding of their biological functions in plant defense and symbiotic plant–microbe interactions.

Ligand mimicry? Plant-parasitic nematode polypeptide with similarity to CLAVATA3

The coming of age of EvoMPMI: evolutionary molecular plant–microbe interactions across multiple timescales

Chapter 7 - Relevance of the antioxidative mechanism during plant-microbe interaction

It is well known that plant–microbe interaction can be affected by global climate change. Many abiotic and biotic factors have great influence on the generation and maintenance of microbial diversity in the rhizosphere. On the other hand, the interaction between plants and beneficial plant microbe aids plants to develop resistance against biotic or abiotic stresses and raise crop yield. In this chapter, we focus on plant natural systems; artificial systems (microbial-mediated transformation of plants); plant–microbes interaction and plant immune system; plant–microbe interaction; and genomics and genome-scale modelling at metabolic level.

Knowledge elicitation in plant–microbe interactions

Contents Summary 1012 I. Introduction 1012 II. The endomembrane system in plant-microbe interactions 1013 III. The cytoskeleton in plant-microbe interactions 1017 IV. Organelles in plant-microbe interactions 1019 V. Inter-organellar communication in plant-microbe interactions 1022 VI. Conclusions and prospects 1023 Acknowledgements 1024 References 1024 SUMMARY: Plants have evolved a multilayered immune system with well-orchestrated defense strategies against pathogen attack. Multiple immune signaling pathways, coordinated by several subcellular compartments and interactions between these compartments, play important roles in a successful immune response. Pathogens use various strategies to either directly attack the plant's immune system or to indirectly manipulate the physiological status of the plant to inhibit an immune response. Microscopy-based approaches have allowed the direct visualization of membrane trafficking events, cytoskeleton reorganization, subcellular dynamics and inter-organellar communication during the immune response. Here, we discuss the contributions of organelles and the cytoskeleton to the plant's defense response against microbial pathogens, as well as the mechanisms used by pathogens to target these compartments to overcome the plant's defense barrier.

Globally, the availability of water for irrigation is decreasing for agricultural practices, including different growing crops. The productivity of different crops is declining as the time duration of drought conditions is increasing. The plants have been adapting different strategies including morphological changes, modulation on physiological process and maintaining the osmotic potential of cell to counter the drought stress condition. Diverse microbes associated with plants reported as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), having PGP activity including P-solubilization, indole acetic acid (IAA) synthesis, siderophore production and antifungal activity. While, some PGPR having additional characteristics i.e. nitrogen fixing activity and PGPR without N-fixing ability, can postulated the improvement of different parameter for crop (root biomass, shootbiomass, crop yield, root architecture) leading to enhancement in capability to drought stress conditions by different mechanisms. Additionally, the modification of root and shoot of plants by physio-biochemical activity of inole-3-acetic acid (IAA) secreted by diverse microbes in rhizosphere during plant–microbe interaction is a key process to help for mitigation of drought stress in deferent crops. The IAA-secreting bacteria have operated five different pathways for biosynthesis of IAA by utilizing tryptophan as only known precursor. While some IAA-producing bacteria also synthesize IAA without tryptophan by operating tryptophan-independent pathway. The plant–microbe interaction is one of the main physiological and biochemical processes in rhizosphere where IAA has key role and involves in crosstalk between plants and microbes. Moreover, root colonization process is also a part of plant–microbe interaction in which the rhizobacteria aggressively colonize the root by biochemical signalling between rhizobacteria and plants. The root colonizing bacteria secrete various enzymes and wide range of metabolites that can help plants in improving the tolerance capacity under drought conditions. In conclusion, IAA biosynthesis from various bacteria helps in root colonization during plant–microbe interaction procedure, which leads to mitigate the drought stress in different plants by modulation in physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants.KeywordsPlant–microbe interactionDrought toleranceTryptophan-independent pathwayIAA biosynthesis pathwayDrought tolerance mechanism

Zoospores use electric fields to target roots

Abiotic stresses are important limiting factors that limit the yields of crops. Plants need to develop such mechanisms that help in dealing with the harsh environment and soil health. Medicinal plants are important due to their medicinal, aesthetic, and bioactive phytochemical characteristics. Microorganisms display metabolic abilities to reduce stress in diverse environments. The beneficial microbes reside outside or inside plant tissues and perform numerous activities that control phytopathogens. They also include plant growth-promoting bacteria, such as endophytes present in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere. As microbes are the natural partners of plants, they ameliorate the effect of a harsh environment. Plant–microbe interaction is essential for the ecosystem. Plant–microbe interaction encompasses the complex mechanism inside the cell. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies help understand the complicated and integrated processes of plant–microbe interaction. Due to environmental changes and incessant stress, it is very important to distinguish and access information on plant–microbe interaction concerning defense against abiotic stresses. Multi-omics studies about plant–microbe interaction and their environment provide a deeper insight and provide multi-layered information that has a substantial chance for practical execution. In this chapter, we review the structure and function of microbiota, the physiological and molecular response of plant and microbiota against stress, and microbe-mediated mitigation of abiotic stresses. Additionally, how plant root exudates attract microbes that play a role in biological control has also been reviewed.

Chapter 14 - Histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases of trichoderma: their role in plant microbe interactions

A growing body of research on plant-microbe interactions in soil is con- tributing to the development of a new, microbially based perspective on plant community ecology. Soil-dwelling microorganisms are diverse, and interactions with plants vary with respect to specificity, environmental heterogeneity, and fitness impact. Two microbial pro- cesses that may exert key influences on plant community structure and dynamics are mi- crobial mediation of niche differentiation in resource use and feedback dynamics between the plant and soil community. The niche differentiation hypothesis is based on observations that soil nutrients occur in different chemical forms, that different enzymes are required for plant access to these nutrients, and that soil microorganisms are a major source of these enzymes. We predict that plant nutrient partitioning arises from differential associations of plant species with microbes able to access different nutrient pools. Feedback dynamics result from changes in the soil community generated by the specificity of response in plant- microbe interactions. We suggest that positive feedback between plants and soil microbes plays a central role in early successional communities, while negative feedback contributes both to species replacements and to diversification in later successional communities. We further suggest that plant-microbe interactions in the soil are an important organizing force for large-scale spatial gradients in species richness. The relative balance of positive feedback (a homogenizing force) and negative feedback (a diversifying force) may contribute to observed latitudinal (and altitudinal) diversity patterns. Empirical tests of these ideas are needed, but a microbially based perspective for plant ecology promises to contribute to our understanding of long-standing issues in ecology, and to reveal new areas of future research.