Abstract
Few studies have reported the relationship between reduced sleep efficiency and the prevalence of hypertension independent of sleep duration in Japan. This study aimed to evaluate whether reduced sleep efficiency, measured using an objective device for >1 week, was related to an increased prevalence of hypertension independent of sleep duration in the general Japanese population. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 904 participants aged ≥20 years who lived in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Sleep efficiency was measured using a contactless biomotion sleep sensor for 10 continuous days. The participants were classified into two groups according to their sleep efficiency: reduced (<90%) or not reduced (≥90%). Hypertension was defined as morning home blood pressure ≥135/85 mmHg or self-reported treatment for hypertension. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the relationship between sleep efficiency and hypertension adjusted for potential confounders. The results showed that two hundred and ninety-four individuals (32.5%) had reduced sleep efficiency, and 331 (36.6%) had hypertension. Individuals with reduced sleep efficiency had a higher body mass index and shorter sleep duration. In the multivariable analysis, reduced sleep efficiency was significantly related to an increased prevalence of hypertension (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.15–2.28). In conclusion, reduced sleep efficiency was significantly related to an increased prevalence of hypertension in Japanese adults. Improvements in sleep efficiency may be important to reduce blood pressure in Japanese adults.
Highlights
University, Sendai, Japan 6 Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan 7 International Research Institute of Disaster Science, TohokuUniversity, Sendai, JapanShort sleep duration is related to an increased prevalence or incidence of hypertension [1,2,3]
In Japan, one study revealed that reduced sleep efficiency measured using actigraphy had higher nighttime blood pressure in elderly participants [10]; these researchers did not evaluate whether the relationship between reduced sleep efficiency and prevalent hypertension was independent of sleep duration
We showed that reduced sleep efficiency (
Summary
A few recent epidemiological studies in a Japanese population have reported the relationships among actigraphy-measured sleep duration, an objective indicator, and health outcomes [6, 7]. In these studies, the relationship between objectively measured sleep duration and hypertension was insufficiently examined. Some studies in the United States have reported that reduced sleep efficiency and short sleep duration were related to an increased prevalence of hypertension [8, 9]. No previous reports have revealed the relationship between hypertension and sleep efficiency measured for >1 week
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