Reduced cardiac reserve in amiodarone-treated pigs after cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest

Abstract

An animal model was designed for blinded study to elucidate whether cardiac pump failure after heart surgery in amiodarone-treated patients is due to interference between the drug and the surgical procedures. Seventeen adult pigs were treated with amiodarone for 30 days (study animals, 1,400 mg/day, n = 9; untreated control animals, n = 8) followed by exposure to cardiopulmonary bypass and topical cold cardioplegic arrest (Bretschneiders solution) for 60 min. Apart from 1 g of calcium, no inotropic agents were administered.Cardiac reserve was tested by ventricular pacing (200 beats/ min for 30 min or until exhaustion). No difference in hemodynamic status was observed between the treated and the untreated group before pacing. Pacing duration in the amiodarone-treated pigs was 10 ± 3 versus 22 ± 4 min in control pigs (p < 0.05). Only one amiodarone-treated pig survived 30 min of pacing compared with five control pigs (11% vs. 63%, p < 0.05).The following variables differed significantly in the two groups during pacing: cardiac output, left ventricular pressure, arterial pressure and peak positive and negative first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt). Most marked were the changes in peak positive dP/dt, indicating a compromised systolic function. The two groups did not differ in preload or afterload at any time during the experiments.