Reconstruction Research

The article explores the institutional and conceptual experience of the initial period of Japan’s post-war economic reconstruction. The prerequisites, institutional mechanisms, and performance results of the Special Survey Committee (SSC) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan are comprehensively analyzed; its impact on the post-war reconstruction and the phenomenally successful modernization of the Japanese economy in the context of Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction tasks is assessed. For this purpose, the abstract-logical, empirical-historical, interdisciplinary methods are used, and the tools of political economy and modernization theory are applied. It is concluded that the SSC has become the intellectual, personnel and program «assembly point» for the entire further process of Japan’s national reconstruction. Thus, the SSC provided the Japanese government with a systemic vision of the country's place in the postwar world, in the latter’s economic and financial system as well as of national landmarks, priorities, and postwar reconstruction mechanisms. Despite the powerful influence of military-security and geopolitical factors, it took a very high level of mobilization, patriotism, and social responsibility of the Japanese national elite to convince the Allied Powers of the need to make heavy industrialization based on advanced technologies the basis of Japan's postwar recovery. The SSC’s experience testifies that in every successful case of national post-war reconstruction, one should find and define the key conceptual and institutional initiative that launched the recovery process – not necessarily materially, but at least in conceptual and political-volitional terms, as every large-scale and successful (re)construction begins with the development and approval of the relevant project. The author concludes that the SSC’s strategic report on the basic problems of Japan's economic reconstruction is a relevant framework model, according to which a strategy of national economic reconstruction, in particular post-war recovery of Ukraine’s economy, may be developed, of course, taking into account national and local characteristics.

Xenotransplant research offers hope to individuals waiting for vital organ transplants. Nascent first-inhuman xenotransplantation research trials present unique ethical challenges which may translate into obligations for researchers and special considerations for institutional review boards (IRBs). Contextual vulnerability is an important consideration in reviewing proposed subject selection methods. Some recipients are uniquely prone to receiving an unfair offer to enroll in an experimental clinical trial when excluded from allograft waitlists due to psychosocial or compliance evaluations. These exclusions represent an allocational injustice. Enrolling research subjects subjectively excluded from allotransplantation into xenotransplant research is not a mechanism of fair access but rather an exploitation of an unjustly optionconstrained vulnerable group by the clinical transplant system. Carefully considering contextual vulnerability can help researchers and IRBs clarify eligibility criteria for xenograft clinical trials. A requirement for simultaneous allograft co-listing can safeguard the interests of vulnerable potential subjects.

At the 42nd New York Film Festival in 2004, an enthusiastic audience viewed a selection of propaganda films rarely seen in the USA. The exhibit, ‘Selling Democracy—Welcome Mr. Marshall. Films of th...

The need to ensure rapid and effective post-war recovery and reconstruction of Ukraine's economy requires a systematic scientific justification of the key mechanisms, methods, and instruments of state and market management used in the rebuilding process and the formation of a new innovative model for Ukraine's economic development. Based on the analysis of scientific literature and regulatory sources, the preconditions and objectives of the processes of post-war recovery and reconstruction of the economy are characterized. The structure of the corresponding state strategy and the plan for its implementation are substantiated. The primary directions of institutional transformations in the process of forming a new model for post-war economic development have been identified. Drawing on global experience, a system of measures has been developed and proposed for practical application to simplify legal and organizational procedures in the process of attracting foreign aid from donor countries, credits, and funds from foreign investors. The first-priority measures that should promote the activation of domestic financial sector institutions and capital markets, with the goal of expanding internal sources of financing, are substantiated. The main directions for stimulating investment activity among domestic business entities are characterized. Potential challenges and risks that may arise in the process of economic recovery and reconstruction are identified and characterized. The proposed approaches can be used by government authorities in the formation of relevant economic policies, strategies, and financial-economic mechanisms. Their implementation will contribute to improving the organization and management of post-war recovery and reconstruction processes in Ukraine, with the aim of enhancing international competitiveness, accelerating socio-economic development, and improving the welfare of its citizens.

No AccessJan 2022Recommendations for Conducting Ethical Impact EvaluationsAuthors/Editors: Paul Glewwe, Petra ToddPaul GlewweSearch for more papers by this author, Petra ToddSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1497-6_ch10AboutView ChaptersFull TextPDF (0.7 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract: Provides an overview of key ethical issues that arise when conducting impact evaluations and, more generally, when conducting research on human subjects. The principles of ethical research come from two key documents: the Nuremberg Code and the Belmont Report. The principles set forth in these documents provide a starting point, but the responsibility of the researcher includes remaining aware of local dynamics and legal requirements in the area where he or she works. Furthermore, the researcher remains responsible for identifying potential conflicts of interest that may generate incentives for not conducting rigorous, unbiased research. Although some types of research may involve risks, the potential harm to society of not doing research could well prove greater. Researchers, and the institutional review boards (IRBs) or ethics committees supervising the research, have the important task of identifying the occasions when the potential benefit of learning from research outweighs the potential risks the research poses. ReferencesGlennerster, Rachel and Shawn Powers. 2016. “Balancing Risk and Benefit: Ethical Tradeoffs in Running Randomized Evaluations.” In The Oxford Handbook of Professional Economic Ethics, edited by DeMartino, G and D McCloskey, 367–401. New York: Oxford University Press. Google ScholarJones, James H. 2008. “The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment.” In The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics, edited by Emanuel, Ezekiel J., Christine Grady, Robert A. Crouch, Reidar Lie, Franklin G. Miller, and David Wendler, 86–96. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google ScholarLaughland, Oliver. 2015. “Guatemalans Deliberately Infected with STDs Sue Johns Hopkins University for $1bn.” The Guardian, April 3, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150412134055/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/apr/02/johns-hopkins-lawsuit-deliberate-std-infections-Guatemala. Google ScholarU.S. Government Printing Office. 1949. Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Vol. 2, The Medical Case, 181–82. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. http://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/nuremberg.pdf. Accessed October 9, 2019. Google ScholarU.S. Health and Human Services Office for Human Research Protections. 1979. “Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research.” Published April 18, 1979. http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.html. Accessed October 9, 2019. Google Scholar Previous chapterNext chapter FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetails View Published: January 2022ISBN: 978-1-4648-1497-6e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-1498-3 Copyright & Permissions Related TopicsMacroeconomics and Economic GrowthScience and Technology Development KeywordsIMPACT EVALUATIONMONITORING AND EVALUATIONM&EPERFORMANCE EVALUATIONEVALUATION APPROACHESETHICSHUMAN RESEARCH ETHICSCONFLICT OF INTERESTINSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDIRB PDF DownloadLoading ...

Introduction The sixth interdisciplinary scientific forum with international participation “New materials and promising technologies” was held online with 23 on 27 November 2020. The main organizers of the event were the Council of Young Scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Coordinating Council for Youth Affairs in the Scientific and Educational Spheres under the Council for Science and Education under the President of the Russian Federation.The co-organizers were the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Chemical Society named after. DI. Mendeleev, Institute of Organic Chemistry named after. N.D.. Zelinsky RAS, A. A. Baykov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science RAS, Russian University of Chemical Technology named after D.I.. Mendeleev, All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after. M. F. Vladimirsky, National Research Institute of Public Health named after N.A.. Semashko, Institute of Biochemical Physics named after N.M.. Emanuel RAS, Moscow State Regional University, Rossotrudnichestvo.The purpose of the forum is to form new successful scientific groups, the involvement of young specialists in the field of research and development, the development of cooperation between Russian and international research organizations, representatives of authorities, industry, business, mass media, as well as strengthening interdisciplinary ties in the scientific community, promoting the integration of science and industry in Russia to create new materials and promising technologies.The forum was opened by Andrei Leonidovich Kotelnikov, Chairman of the Council of Young Scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Marchenkov Nikita Vladimirovich Acting. head of the Kurchatov complex of synchrotron-neutron research, National Research Center “Kurchatva Institute”, Chairman of the Coordinating Council for Youth Affairs in the Scientific and Educational Spheres of the Council for Science and Education under the President of the Russian Federation, RAS Academician Khokhlov Alexey Removich Vice-President of RAS, Director General of the Russian Science Foundation Alexander Vitalievich Khlunov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Egorov Mikhail Petrovich Academician- Secretary of the Department of Chemistry and Materials Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences Director of the Institute of Organic Chemistry named after. N.D.. Zelensky RAS, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Tsivadze Aslan Yusupovich President of the Russian Chemical Society named after. DI. Mendeleev, Scientific Director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry named after A.N.. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Sevostyanov Mikhail Anatolyevich Deputy Chairman of the Council of Young Scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Forum Organizing Committee.A workshop was held on the first day of the Forum “How research results become news” and round tables “Human factor, as a guarantee of development” and “Scientometrics - management and communication tools in science”.Within the framework of the forum, twelve sections worked in the following areas:“Organic functional materials” “Additive technologies” “Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies” “Health-saving of the population: management technologies” “Construction materials” “New materials and technologies in the oil and gas industry. Gas, oil, energy” “Perspective processes in metallurgy” “Materials and technologies for green chemistry” “Inorganic functional materials” “Biomaterials and Technologies” “Experimental methods of research of materials and structures” “Materials and technologies for agriculture”.More than 700 scientists from Russia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Of Kazakhstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Of Uzbekistan, France and Czech Republic, which contributed to the emergence of not only national, but also international contacts from different cities of the Russian Federation. The forum presented 226 oral presentations.

<bold>Access to Documents as a new World Bank Policy</bold> The article analyses a new World Bank policy on the access to information which took effect in July 2010. The policy constitutes a fundamental and paradigmatic shift in the way international organisations handle documents and their accessibility for private individuals. It is probably the first time that an international organisation has recognised the principle of open access and set up a two-tier system of legal review. The article discusses the new policy in three steps: A first chapter sets the context. It discusses the reasons that might have led the World Bank to adopt the new policy, referring especially to the basic crisis of legitimacy that international organisations face today. In a second step, the policy is examined in detail, starting with the legal form in which the policy was issued, and proceeding to its content and system of review. The article here draws comparisons to the German as well as the European legal regimes on the right to access of information. Finally, the article ponders the larger meaning of the new policy and proposes a cosmopolitan reading of it. Could it be that the World Bank through this policy reaches out to private individuals, thereby recognizing them as global citizens with a stake in global governance

Book Review| April 01 1956 International Conflict and Collective Security: The Principle of Concern in International Organization by Willard N. Hogan International Conflict and Collective Security: The Principle of Concern in International Organization. By Hogan, Willard N.. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1955. Pp. x, 202. $3.50. Alexander DeConde Alexander DeConde Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google South Atlantic Quarterly (1956) 55 (2): 255–256. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-55-2-255 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Alexander DeConde; International Conflict and Collective Security: The Principle of Concern in International Organization by Willard N. Hogan. South Atlantic Quarterly 1 April 1956; 55 (2): 255–256. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-55-2-255 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsSouth Atlantic Quarterly Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 1956 by Duke University Press1956 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Italy, as a country of arrival for many migrants from outside the European Union, is currently receiving much international media attention because of the ongoing so-called ‘migration crisis’. Historically, however, Italy has been a country of outward migration. This article analyses the history of Italian migration during the post-Second World War years. This crucial period in Italian history was characterised by economic reconstruction and recovery led by international institutions and the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan’s provisions on migration have received little scholarly attention, and this neglect is particularly pronounced in the case of Italy. This historical research draws mainly from documents retrieved from the Marshall Plan’s collections at the archives of the Bank of Italy, originally produced in the aftermath of the Second World War. The article is divided into four parts. The first section outlines the problem and embeds it within the existing literature on the history of migration policy in Italy. The second part examines the induced aid and migration policies of post-war Italy. The third part considers the architecture of the migration policy of that time, e.g. funding allocations and requests submitted to the United States for destination countries, such as Canada, or continents such as Latin America and Africa. Finally, the last section provides more in-depth analysis of the erp itself and its impact on Italian out-migration. The article concludes that cooperating and joint programming is a necessity for states in the management of migration.

SEER, 94, 4, October 2016 762 is best to end by saying that this fine, thought provoking book gives us new insights into the civil wars while opening up many issues for further discussion. George Mason University Rex A. Wade Poole, DeWitt Clinton. An American Diplomat in Bolshevik Russia. Edited by Lorraine M. Lees and William S. Rodner. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, 2014. xxiii + 332 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $26.95 (paperback). Arguably, every memoir is an exercise in self-justification and glorification. However, in this instance, American diplomat DeWitt Clinton Poole (1885– 1952) largely avoids boastfulness while dancing around his more controversial activity. Poole’s claim to fame is that he served as US consul in Moscow during the tumultuous and fateful year between late 1917 and late 1918. Besides being a keen and thoughtful observer, Poole was a direct participant in some of these events. Poole has also been aptly described by espionage historian Svetlana Chervonnaya as a ‘spymaster […] and an expert in anti-Communist propaganda and psychological and political warfare’ (DocumentsTalk.com). To find that in this volume, one will have to look very closely and usually between the lines. The origins of this book lie in taped interviews of Poole conducted in early 1952 by the Columbia University Oral History Research Office. The editors, Lorraine M. Lees and William S. Rodner, have limited the current volume to 1917–20, with four of the seven chapters, about two-thirds of the book, focused on the critical months of 1917–18. The remaining chapters deal, respectively, with Poole’s activities as American consul in Archangel, his observations of the Paris Peace Conference, and his subsequent duties as head of the State Department’s Russian Division. Lees is a professor of History at Old Dominion University and a specialist in Yugoslav-American relations, and Rodner is a professor of History at Tidewater Community College in Virginia specializing in British studies. They have done an excellent job in annotating Poole’s recollections; indeed, the annotations comprise maybe a third of the total text. They correct many of Poole’s assorted misstatements and, more importantly, identify the multitude of people he mentions, often only in passing. Poole was describing people and events from more than thirty years prior and his memory, while remarkably good, definitely was not perfect. He is frequently mistaken on details, especially dates, for example, misstating the 1918 Armistice as 7 November as opposed to the 11th (p. 216). He also erroneously credits Maria Spiridonova with the attempted REVIEWS 763 assassination of Lenin (it was Fania Kaplan or, at least, not Spiridonova) and puts the Hitler-Stalin Pact in 1941, not 1939 (p. 162). For anyone familiar with the people and events, these are petty errors, but for the initiated the notes will be a tremendous help. Both Poole and the editors quote extensively from State Department correspondence, and Poole often cites letters he wrote to his sister and others. The son of an Army officer descended from old Yankee stock, Poole was a sterling example of the early twentieth-century American liberal bourgeois. Priding himself on a democratic attitude and sense of fairness, he also evidences naïveté, snobbery and sentimentality, perhaps what he meant by ‘my American provincialism’ (p. 80). In his dealings with Bolsheviks he was more put off by their shabby dress than by their ideology. A true diplomat, Poole rarely says anything negative and was evidently willing to work in a civil manner with just about anyone. He took a particular shine to Georgii Chicherin, the Soviet Commissar for Foreign Affairs, perhaps because the ‘dapper’ Chicherin looked and acted as Poole believed a government representative should (pp. 86–87). Poole claims that the timorous Chicherin later lived in mortal dread of Stalin poisoning him (p. 90). Overall, Poole says less about what was actually happening in Russia than what he and others thought or hoped was happening: a diplomacy of lost opportunities. There is frequent repetitiveness, mostly due to the interview format, but there are points Poole seems determined to make again and again. One is his assertion that American diplomatic actions were based overwhelmingly on the wartime exigencies of...

Organizing Democratic Choice: Party Representation Over Time. By Ian Budge, Hans Keman, Michael D McDonald, and Paul Pennings. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. 336p. $99.00. - The Strain of Representation: How Parties Represent Diverse Voters in Western and Eastern Europe. By Robert Rohrschneider and Stephen Whitefield . New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. 224p. $85.00. - Volume 12 Issue 1

When a group of East European exiles named the Union of Free Eastern European Sportsmen (UFEES) attempted to enter stateless athletes into the 1952 Helsinki Olympics, they executed a deliberate anti-communist manoeuvre. Perhaps more significantly, the UFEES was secretly funded by the U.S. government, a fact which serves to demonstrate the remarkable range of ways in which Washington was able to fund and work with private organisations and individuals in a ‘state-private network’ known only to those who were permitted access to it. This clandestine strategy of ‘political warfare’ was used to wage the Cold War at home and abroad, part of a veritable crusade against the perceived enemy of Soviet-style communism. Academics and contemporary onlookers have tended to view Helsinki as a forum for the Soviet Union's relentless campaign of propaganda which disparaged the West and elevated the Marxism of the East. This article endeavours to paint a different picture of the Helsinki Games, and argues that the U.S. government was also directing its covert political warfare apparatus towards the events in Finland.

The creation of a sustainable peace process after an intra-sate conflict is widely seen a going hand in hand with the economic reconstruction and socio-economic development of the post conflict society. During the transformation period especially countries, which are rich of resources, seem to be in need of external support to fight the structures of war-economies and to create a stable socio-economic development. In this situation international donor organisations often take over governance functions of the weak state and seek to apply so-called international governance-standards to address the local situation. This raises first and foremost the question whether and how these international organisations are bound to these governance standards themselves. Additionally, does this external involvement raise concerns about its legitimacy; critics even speak of a form of intervention into the sovereignty of a (weak) state or even of a new form of colonialism taking the ownership of the processes from the target-state.The balance between local needs and the depth of international involvement seems fragile and international donor activities can in fact push against or go beyond the borders of the Westphalian concept of sovereignty and bluer the lines between the domestic and international sphere. So-called temporary shared-sovereignty agreements between international (donor) organisation and transitional governments could serve as a concept to cope with the outlined challenges.The question is whether shared sovereignty arrangements can indeed serve as a veritable tool for governance in states emerging out of conflicts? Sharing temporary effective control over state-institutions, resources and policy fields between governments and international (donor) organisations could remove some of the impediments for a sustainable socio-economic development and peace in post-conflict countries and entire regions. This assumption and the above raised question will be critically discussed by using inter alia at the examples of the Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program for Liberia (GEMAP) and the Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project.

(1990). Economic reconstruction of Iran: Costing the war damage. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 26-47.

(Autumn 2013), 349–54. 5 Conor Cruise O’Brien, The Suspecting Glance (London: Faber, 1972), pp.9–12 & 63. 6 From General Richard Mulcahy’s speech at the inaugural meeting of the Council of Education, 5 May 1950 – published in Council of Education: Terms of Reference and General Regulations (Dublin, 1950). See also The Irish Times, 6 May 1950. 7 John A Murphy, ‘Easter 1916: Psychological Milestone Marked’, The Irish Times, 30 March 2016. 8 Felix M Larkin, ‘From Mythology to History: F.X. Martin and the Historiography of the 1916 Rising’, in Marnie Hay and Daire Keogh (eds), Rebellion and Revolution in Dublin: Voices from a Suburb, Rathfarnham, 1913-23 (Dublin: South Dublin County Council, 2016), pp.195–217. 9 Lyons wrote The Irish Parliamentary Party 1890–1910 (1951) and The Fall of Parnell (1964), as well as notable biographies of John Dillon MP (1968) and Parnell (1977). 10 Bryan Fanning, The Quest for Modern Ireland: the Battle of Ideas, 1957–1972 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2008), p.221. 11 John J Horgan, Parnell to Pearse (Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2009 [1949]), p.39. 12 Parnell’s words here are as recorded in William O’Brien, An Olive Branch in Ireland and its History (London, 1910), p. 47. They were quoted by Conor Cruise O’Brien in Parnell and his Party (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957), p.145, n.1. 13 Donat O’Donnell [Conor Cruise O’Brien], Maria Cross: Imaginative Patterns in a Group of Modern Catholic Writers (London: Burns & Oates, 1953), p. 103. 14 Patrick Maume, ‘Donogh O’Malley’, in James McGuire and James Quinn (eds), Dictionary of Irish Biography, vol.7 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009). 15 From General Mulcahy’s speech to the Council of Education, 5 May 1950 (see n. 6 above). 16 Tom Garvin, Preventing the Future: Why Was Ireland So Poor for So Long? (Dublin: Gill Books, 2004), p.178.. 17 Maume, loc. cit. 18 Anne Chambers, T K Whitaker: Portrait of a Patriot (London: Doubleday, 2014), pp. 176–8. 19 Maume, loc. cit. 20 Alvin Jackson, Judging Redmond and Carson: Comparative Irish Lives (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 2018), pp.92 & 203 21 Jackson, Judging Redmond and Carson, p.150. 22 Jackson, Judging Redmond and Carson, p.128. 23 See Carson’s speech to the House of Lords in December 1921 on the Anglo-Irish Treaty, quoted in Geoffrey Lewis, Carson: the Man Who Divided Ireland (London: Continuum International Publishing, 2005), p.231. 24 Felix M Larkin, ‘Carson’s Abandoned Children: Southern Irish Protestants as Depicted in Irish Cartoons, 1920–60’, in Ian d’Alton and Ida Milne (eds), Protestant and Irish: the Minority’s Search for Place in Independent Ireland (Cork: Cork University Press, 2019), pp.246–67, at 246–8. 25 From President Kennedy’s speech at Amherst College, 26 October 1963. Studies • volume 109 • number 435 292 Felix M Larkin The Human Passion for Meaning Making: What Shapes Our Lives William Mathews SJ In the preface and opening chapters of Ciarán Benson’s book, The Cultural Psychology of the Self, a major category treated is that of ‘the meaning making self’.1 This is a term that arose out of Jerome Brunner’s engagement with the notion of interactive learning in education. Wikipedia defines it as ‘the process of how people construe, understand, or make sense of life events, relationships and the self’. It is a process involved in counselling, educational psychology, and social semiotics. The present study will suggest that the human meaning making passion is a major force in shaping who we are in the central process of becoming that we all go through in our lives. Central to the discussion here will be the idea of the ‘no two the same’ concreteness of this process, its unique location, its linguistic dimension and the human values it involves. The discussion will briefly examine the meaning making passion expressed in Seamus Heaney and some other creative artists; then, at greater length, the physicist Albert Einstein; and, finally, the remarkable Etty Hillesum, who died in Auschwitz at the end of 1943.2 The elusive meaning makers In a BBC interview, Seamus Heaney described his understanding of his adult consciousness as like...