Abstract
Short interspersed elements (SINEs) are a family of retrotransposons evolutionarily derived from cellular RNA polymerase III transcripts. Over evolutionary time, SINEs have expanded throughout the human genome and today comprise ~11% of total chromosomal DNA. While generally transcriptionally silent in healthy somatic cells, SINE expression increases during a variety of types of stresses, including DNA virus infection. The relevance of SINE expression to viral infection was largely unexplored, however, recent years have seen great progress towards defining the impact of SINE expression on viral replication and host gene expression. Here we review the origin and diversity of SINE elements and their transcriptional control, with an emphasis on how their expression impacts host cell biology during viral infection.
Highlights
Sequencing of the human genome has determined that approximately 1.5% is exonic, or protein coding [1,2]
They can be classified into two major groups: those lacking long terminal repeats (LTRs), which include long and short interspersed elements (LINEs and short interspersed interspersedelement element (SINE), respectively), and those with LTRs, termed endogenous retroviruses (ERVs)
LINEs encode for two proteins, open reading frame (ORF) 1 and ORF2, that function as an RNA-binding protein, and an endonuclease and reverse transcriptase, respectively
Summary
Sequencing of the human genome has determined that approximately 1.5% is exonic, or protein coding [1,2]. Retrotransposons are by far the largest class of transposable elements in the human genome and currently comprise ~45% of the genomic sequence [4] They can be classified into two major groups: those lacking long terminal repeats (LTRs), which include long and short interspersed elements (LINEs and SINEs, respectively), and those with LTRs, termed endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). LINEs encode for two proteins, open reading frame (ORF) 1 and ORF2, that function as an RNA-binding protein, and an endonuclease and reverse transcriptase, respectively Both activities are required for SINE of LINE elements is much less clear. We review the origin and diversity of SINE elements and influences host cell biology Their transcriptional control, and discuss how DNA virus infection impacts their expression and influencesand hostDiversity cell biology
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