Abstract
Structural and functional alterations of mitochondria are intimately linked to a wide array of medical conditions. Many factors are involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function, including cytokines, chaperones, chemokines, neurosteroids, and ubiquitins. The role of diffusely located cells of the neuroendocrine system, including biogenic amines and peptide hormones, in the management of mitochondrial function, as well as the role of altered mitochondrial function in the regulation of these cells and system, is an area of intense investigation. The current article looks at the interactions among the cells of the neuronal-glia, immune and endocrine systems, namely the diffuse neuroimmunoendocrine system (DNIES), and how DNIES interacts with mitochondrial function. Whilst changes in DNIES can impact on mitochondrial function, local, and systemic alterations in mitochondrial function can alter the component systems of DNIES and their interactions. This has etiological, course, and treatment implications for a wide range of medical conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders. Available data on the role of melatonin in these interactions, at cellular and system levels, are reviewed, with directions for future research indicated.
Highlights
Mitochondria are the sites of cellular energy production in eukaryotic cells and an important source of cellular second-messenger molecules, including hydrogen peroxide and other pro-oxidants
It is important to note that tau pathology leads to suboptimal mitochondrial functioning (Pérez et al, 2017), suggesing that tau pathology may contribute to wider system changes and interactions, in part by alterations in mitochondrial functioning
Evolutionary forces have acted on the transition from inter-bacteria to inter-mitochondria communication, which would seem to form the basis of diffuse neuroimmunoendocrine system (DNIES), homeostatic regulation and the dysregulation occuring in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), as well as in many other medical conditions
Summary
Mitochondria are the sites of cellular energy production in eukaryotic cells and an important source of cellular second-messenger molecules, including hydrogen peroxide and other pro-oxidants. Such reactive oxygen intermediates are involved in many gene regulatory pathways. Mitochondria are the most abundant organelles, with 10–20% of total intracellular proteins present within this organelle (Suárez-Rivero et al, 2016)
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