Recent Trends in “Rational Emotive Therapy” Theory for Reducing Withdrawal Behavior for Blind Children

This research is aimed to investigate the effectiveness of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) in order to increase self esteem on junior high school – bullied victim. Rational emotive therapy is a therapy that aimed at changing irrational to be rational thinking so subject may feel him/herself valuable, adequate and accepted. Therapy takes place for ten hours and presented in four sessions with each session takes place about 2,5 hours. Subjects are 10 junior high school – students who physically, verbally and relationally bullied, have low self-esteem and score averagely minimum for IQ. They were divided randomly into five experimental groups and five control groups. Data were collected using Self-Esteem Scale, task sheet, subject house book and interview. Data analysis used non-parametcric statistics, that was comparative test (Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon) to compare the alteration of selfesteem scores on experimental and control groups. The results showed that rational emotive behavior therapy proven to be effective to increase self-esteem from low-category (pretest) to medium-category (post-test) and remains two weeks after the treatment given (p < 0,05). Analysis of qualitative data showed that rational emotive behavior therapy will be more optimal if given to a subject whose intellectual capacity is upper average and is actively involved when therapy is taking place.

During the 1970s the names Fritz Perls, Carl Rogers and Albert Ellis were all prominent, as were their schools of Gestalt, client centred and rational emotive therapies. Of these three celebrities only Albert Ellis continues to teach and extol the superiority of his particular therapy. This is not just because he has outlived his contemporaries but also because, as he rightly states on his recent European tour, rational emotive therapy is a legitimate challenge and competitor to the present schools of cognitive therapies of Beck, Gelder and others. To emphasise this point, Ellis commences his day-long one-man workshop by announcing that rational emotive therapy has been renamed rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT).

The case for rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) with offenders is reviewed. Philosophical and practical problems in conducting REBT assessment and treatment with this population are identified. Suggestions regarding offender treatment address goals and content of therapy, the therapeutic relationship, overcoming client resistance, and self-care for the practitioner. Therapists of offenders are encouraged to apply REBT to themselves to increase effectiveness and reduce risk. In this regard, clinicians are offered suggestions regarding accepting the offender, maintaining a goal-oriented focus, and taking responsibility for the quality but not the outcome of their work.

This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of a group counseling program based on Rational Emotive Therapy in achieving post-traumatic growth among Iraqi refugee adolescent girls in Jordan. The study employed a quasi-experimental design, and the sample consisted of (30) Iraqi refugee girls attending the Our Lady of Mercy Center in Zarqa Governorate, Jordan. They were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (n=15) that received a 16-session counseling program based on Rational Emotive Therapy, and a control group (n=15) that did not receive any counseling program. The results showed statistically significant differences between the scores of the experimental and control groups on the post-traumatic growth scale, favoring the experimental group. Furthermore, the results showed no statistically significant differences between the post-test and follow-up measurements of the experimental group on the post-traumatic growth scale, indicating the continued effectiveness of the counseling program as measured by the follow-up assessment. The study concluded with a set of recommendations, most importantly training counselors in counseling program based on Rational Emotive Therapy-based counseling programs in schools serving refugees, given its role in fostering post-traumatic Growth among them.

This study is to investigate the impact of rational emotive behaviour therapy in conjunction with continuity nursing on the negative emotions and quality of life of patients with radical prostatectomy (RPT). A total of 82 patients who underwent RPT for prostate cancer and were admitted to our department between November 2020 and October 2021 were randomly divided into two groups: the control group received conventional nursing interventions, while the observation group received rational emotion therapy combined with continuity of care interventions. The patients' negative emotions and quality of life in the two groups were compared. The Self‐rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self‐assessment Scale of Depression (SDS) scores of the observation group after nursing care were significantly lower than those of the control group (p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, the scores of the observation group in the dimensions of vitality (VT), physiological functioning (PF), general health (GH), affective functioning (RE), mental health (MH), and social functioning (SF) were higher than those of the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Finally, the differences in both scores were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). The combination of rational emotion therapy and continuity nursing has been demonstrated to have a positive effect on prostate cancer patients. It has been shown to effectively relieve patients' negative emotions, such as depression and anxiety, and to improve the quality of survival. This approach is worthy of further promotion and application in clinical practice.

What do Albert Ellis and the Dalai Lama have in common? This article examines some of the values and the concepts that they share. It will illustrate that Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and Tibetan Buddhism (TB) have similarities in a number of areas such as how and what they study, their philosophical underpinnings, their concepts of what causes psychopathology, techniques to bring about change, and outcome expectancies and goals. In the way of background, psychotherapists became more aware and interested in the commonalities between Eastern Buddhism and Western psychotherapy in the 1960s. Two pivotal works fostered these realizations. In his book, Psychotherapy East and West, Watts (1961) compared concepts and methods of Eastern Buddhism with Western psychotherapy and demonstrated how both possess deep human wisdom. In his book, The Relaxation Response, Harvard physician Herbert Benson (2000, 1975) defined the relaxation response as a physical state which invokes deep physical relaxation, and is the opposite of the fight-flight response. He used a staunchly scientific approach to show that meditation, as well as prayer, hypnosis, and yoga were diverse forms of the relaxation response. Benson demonstrated that the Tibetan Buddhist's meditative practice produced beneficial effects to the mind and body. Since the 1960s, publications comparing Eastern and Western ways of thinking have dramatically increased (Tweed & Lehman, 2002) as a new era has been ushered into Western mainstream literature with increased attention to mind-body interconnectedness and attention to similarities between Buddhist constructs and REBT (Thompson and Waltz, 2007). Gaining greater recognition now is Tibetan Buddhism, promoted by the Dalai Lama, the spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhists and exiled previous political head of Tibet. Scientists have collaborated with Tibetan practitioners, resulting in an increasing belief, both scientific and popular, that Tibetan Buddhism is more than a religion but a form of mental that can enhance the quality of life (Dalai Lama, 1991; Goleman, 2003). Most recently, the Dali Lama has participated in a number of mind-body conferences with a wide variety of world renowned neuroscientists. They explored how to focus and control concentration and attention, activities Buddhists have practiced for thousands of years (Mind-Life Institute, 2008). At a surface level, Buddhist philosophies and Western psychotherapy seem to be worlds apart. However, if we strip away dissimilar vocabulary and attend to the conceptual meanings, it becomes readily apparent that some forms of psychotherapy have much common with particular forms of Buddhism. For example, conceptual concurrences between Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and Tibetan Buddhism (TB) exist. Albert Ellis himself, in his last few years of life, saw the similarities between REBT and TB and wrote about them. He pointed out how both systems help people to consistently work at forgiving self, others, and tolerating an often times harsh world (Ellis, 2005). As this article compares these two systems, and this exploration will contribute to hopefully, this exploration will the development of a comprehensive inner science (Dalai Lama, 1991) or of the mind to help humans to live more fulfilling lives. We will compare REBT and TB, specifically, on their methods of study, philosophical underpinnings, theory of pathology, goals of treatment, theory of change, methods of change and the role of therapist. * Method of Study Both REBT and TB encourage people to think critically and to pursue truth. The scientific method is encouraged, and thought to be necessary. According to REBT people might strive to learn to train themselves through rigorous thinking about and working against some of their strongest inborn and environmental tendencies (Ellis 2005, p 64.). People can acquire skills allowing them to debate their irrational thoughts and acquire a realistic view of the world. …

Learning RET: From Complexity to Manageable Units A Primer on Rational Emotive Therapy. Windy Dry den and Raymond DiGiuseppe. Champaign, Illinois: Research Press, 1990,99pp., $11.95. This compact, well written volume may be profitably read on several levels. It will be of greatest use to those individuals interested in acquiring a basic level of competence in Rational Emotive Therapy (RET). Indeed, it is for this audience that Dryden and DiGiuseppe primarily intend the primer. In addition, because the underlying rationale in Cognitive Therapy (CT) and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) closely parallel (and frequently overlap with) the RET process, individuals in these camps can benefit from a reading of this volume. Finally, the primer can provide noticeable benefits to experienced RET therapists and clinical researchers as well. The benefit here derives from the clear specification of the treatment model as described by the authors. That is, because each of the elements of the treatment model is carefully specified, the primer can serve as a standard by which to assess therapist drift for the experienced RET therapist, and "positive adherence" to the treatment model in the case of clinical researchers (Haaga, Dryden, & Dancey, 1990). In Part One of the primer, Dryden and DiGiuseppe briefly outline the principles of RET that they consider central to an understanding of the practical steps involved in Rational Emotive Therapy. Here the authors discuss the concepts of Rationality versus Irrationality; the ABC Framework; The Three Basic Musts considered by Ellis to be at the bottom of most human disturbance; Two Basic Biological Tendencies postulated to influence cognitive functioning; and the Theory of Change in RET. In this section Dryden and DiGiuseppe do a commendable job of keeping the material brief (7 pages), and highlighting only those principles which they see as critical to an understanding of the practical steps involved in conducting an RET session. Further this discussion is nicely slanted towards the individual just beginning to develop his/her skills in RET. In Part Two, Dryden and DiGiuseppe lay out a map or template of a complete treatment sequence of Rational Emotive Therapy. This template is straightforward, and consists of thirteen steps which take the developing RET therapist from the opening stage (eliciting the initial problem from the client), to the final stage of preparing the client for the concerted effort necessary to insure long term belief change. This section of the primer is clearly the capstone of the volume. What the authors have done is to take a complex process, and break it down into discrete, manageable units, where the novice can master each of the steps, building systematically until he/she has mastered the whole process. Another noticeable benefit of breaking the treatment sequence down into thirteen discrete steps, is that it helps the novice maintain an overall perspective while he/she is proceeding through the treatment cycle, and thus avoiding the situation where one "loses sight of the forest for the trees." A common occurrence in trainees (and for that matter, in experienced RET therapists as well) is the situation where the therapist becomes so entangled in the process, that he/she forgets to carry out some critical step later in the sequence (e.g., the individual who becomes so engaged in the process of untangling a difficult inference chain early in therapy, that they forget to assign an appropriate homework assignment), ostensibly, the thirteen step template will serve to reduce such errors, in that the therapist could review the model before ending the session, or moving to another problem. Part Three of the primer is a demonstration of the use of the template with a verbatim case example. The case example nicely illustrates each of the thirteen steps of the model, demonstrating how each of the steps is carried out during the process of therapy. …

ملخص بحث الاستهداف السلوکي أکثر أشکال العنف والعدوان ويمارس ضد الأفراد بشکل متکرر ويومي، هناک من يتفنن في استثارة عواطف الآخرين وزيادة مشاعر الغضب لديهم بشکل مباشر کما يحتاج الأمر لمعرفة نوايا من يقف حول من يستهدف السلوکيات والأخلاقيات ، ويرى الباحث أن العلاج العقلاني الانفعالي کأحد الأساليب المعرفية يمکن أن يفي برويته البحثية لملائمة منطلقاته النظرية والتطبيقية لموضوع الدراسة ولتحقيق أهدافها المتمثلة في تعديل الاستهداف السلوکي عبر شبکات التواصل الاجتماعي . وتهدف الدراسة الى التحقق من فعالية برنامج التدخل المهني باستخدام العلاج العقلاني الانفعالي في خدمة الفرد للتخفيف من الاستهداف السلوکي عبر شبکات التواصل الاجتماعي للشباب الجامعي. وتنتمي الدراسة إلي نمط الدراسات التجريبية التي تقيس أثر متغير على آخر وتقيس هذه الدراسة أثر متغير تجريبي مستقل وهو برنامج التدخل المهني من منظور العلاج العقلاني الانفعالي على متغير آخر تابع وهو الاستهداف السلوکي للشباب الجامعي، وقد تم استخدام مقياس الاستهداف السلوکي للشباب الجامعي کأداة الدراسة ـوتکونت عينة الدراسة من (20) طالب من الشباب الجامعي المقيدين بالفرقة الثالثة والرابعة بالمعهد العالي للخدمة الاجتماعية بسوهاج. وقد توصلت نتائج الدراسة الى أن التدخل المهني باستخدام العلاج العقلاني الإنفعالي کمتغير تجريبي مستقل قد أحدث تعديلا إيجابيا في الاستهداف السلوکي عبر شبکات التواصل الاجتماعي للشباب الجامعي مما يشير إلى فعالية العلاج العقلاني الإنفعالي في التعامل مع تلک المشکلة. الکلمات المفتاحية :- العلاج العقلاني الانفعالي- الاستهداف السلوکي- الشباب الجامعي - شبکات التواصل الاجتماعي Abstract The effectiveness of rational emotional therapy in modifying behavioral targeting University youth through social networks Behavioral targeting is the most form of violence and aggression and it is practiced against individuals on a frequent and daily basis. There are those who are proficient in arousing the emotions of others and increasing their feelings of anger directly. It also needs to know the intentions of those who stand around who target behaviors and ethics, and the researcher believes that rational emotional therapy as one of the cognitive methods canIt fulfills its research narratives to suit its theoretical and applied perspectives to the subject of the study and to achieve its objectives of modifying behavioral targeting through social networks. The study aims to verify the effectiveness of the professional intervention program using rational emotional therapy in serving the individual to reduce behavioral targeting through social networks of university youth. The study belongs to the type of experimental studies that measure the effect of one variable on another, and this study measures the effect of an independent experimental variable, which is a professional intervention program from the perspective of emotional rational therapy on another dependent variable, which is behavioral targeting of university youth.The study consists of (20) university students enrolled in the third and fourth divisions of the Higher Institute of Social Service in Sohag. The results of the study concluded that professional intervention using rational emotional therapy as an independent experimental variable caused a positive modification in behavioral targeting through social networks of university youth, which indicates the effectiveness of rational emotional therapy in dealing with this problem. Key words: - Rational Emotive Therapy - Behavioral Targeting - University Youth - Social Media Networks أولا:مشکلة الدراسة: بدأت ظاهرة المواقع الاجتماعية في عام 1997م وکان موقع Six Degrees.com أول هذه المواقع من خلال إتاحته الفرصة بوضع ملفات شخصية للمستخدمين على الموقع، وکذلک إمکانية التعليق على الأخبار الموجودة على الموقع، وتبادل الرسائل مع باقي المشترکين وإذا کان موقع Six Degrees.com هو رائد مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي فيما فتح موقع MySpace.com آفاقا واسعة لهذا النوع من المواقع وقد حقق نجاحا هائلا منذ إنشائه عام 2003م بعد ذلک توالي ظهور مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي لکن العلامة الفارقة کانت في ظهور موقع FaceBook.com الذي يمکن مستخدميه من تبادل المعلومات فيما بينهم وإتاحة الفرصة أمام الأصدقاء للوصول إلي ملفاتهم الشخصية([1]). وتعد شبکات التواصل الاجتماعي مصل فيسبوک و تويتر أو تطبيقات مثل سکايبي أو وأتساب من أفضل الوسائل التي ربما ميزت العصر الحديث، وأسهمت في إحداث طفرة حقيقية في التواصل المباشر بين المسلمين وغير المسلمين وأتاحت فرصة ذهبية للدعاة من أجل تعريف الدنيا بنور الهدى([2]). لقد أضحت مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي عبر الإنترنت مثل الفيس بوک تعرف بالإعلام الاجتماعي الجديد، الذي يشهد حرکة ديناميکية من التطور والانتشار وقد کان في بداياته مجتمعا افتراضيا على نطاق ضيق ومحدود، ثم ما لبث أن ازداد مع الوقت ليتحول من أداة إعلامية سمعية وبصرية تؤثر في قرارات المتأثرين واستجاباتهم بضغوط من القوة المؤثرة التي تستخدم في تأثيرها الأنماط الشخصية للفرد (السمعي والبصري والحسي) باعتبار أن المتأثر وأنماطه محور مهم في عملية التأثير، مستغلة (أي القوة المؤثرة) أن السمعي سريع في قراراته لأن طاقته عالية ويتخيل ما يتحدث به أو يسمعه والبصري حذر في قراراته لأنها مبنية على ([1])الصباغ، عدنان (2019م) وسائل الاتصال والتکنولوجيا الحديثة، عمان، مجلة العلوم التکنولوجية، ص103. ([2])عمار، حلمي (2018م) تکنولوجيا الاتصالات وآثارها التربوية والاجتماعية، مملکة البحرين، دار الشرابة للنشر، ص23.

This article systematically reviews the available research on rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) with children and adolescents. Meta-analytic procedures were applied to 19 studies that met inclusion criteria. The overall mean weighted effect of REBT was positive and significant. Weighted z r effect sizes were also computed for five outcome categories: anxiety, disruptive behaviors, irrationality, self-concept, and grade point average. In terms of magnitude, the largest positive mean effect of REBT was on disruptive behaviors. Analyses also revealed the following noteworthy findings: (a) there was no statistical difference between studies identified low or high in internal validity; (b) REBT appeared equally effective for children and adolescents presenting with and without identified problems; (c) non-mental health professionals produced REBT effects of greater magnitude than their mental health counterparts ; (d) the longer the duration of REBT sessions, the greater the impact, and (e) children benefited more from REBT than adolescents.The findings are discussed in terms of several important limitations along with suggestions for future research.

Background Female’self-objectification (SO) is a cognitive process and could affect one’s way of behaving and thinking positively or negatively. Rational emotive therapy (RET) brings to the spotlight and deals with those irrational beliefs or self-defeating thoughts as acquired by the SO. Aim It was aimed to examine the effectiveness of Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) on SO among Psychotic females. Design It utilized the quasi-experimental design. Setting It was conducted at inpatient of female’s psychiatric unite of Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery hospital at Assiut University Hospital. Patients It involved 70 psychotic females, 35 participants were assigned to the experimental group and 35 participants to the control group. Tools The study’s measures consisted of four scales involving: (1) Demographic and clinical data sheet, (2) SO Questionnaire, (3) Body shame (BSH) scale and (4) Body-esteem (BES) scale. Results There were statistically significant differences between experimental group and control group in relation to the two subscales of SO scale. Furthermore, the mean value of the body shame score of experimental group was statistically significant decreased after intervention in inverse to the control group. Besides, there were no statistically significant differences between the three subscales of BES for both groups. Conclusion Based on the results, the REBT approach to somewhat successfully reduces SO and BSH among psychotic females. Recommendations As an alternative to traditional psychoeducation and psychotherapies, REBT is used to help patients who struggle SO, BSH and low BES.

The process of implementing counseling guidance used by guidance and counseling teachers in Class IX B at SMP Negeri 1 Sambit Ponorogo is very important, with the existence of this counseling guidance at SMP Negeri 1 Sambit Ponorogo, students are prevented from unwanted problems or issues, in its implementation the theory of counseling guidance used by the guidance and counseling teacher in Class IX B at SMP Negeri 1 Sambit Ponorogo using Rational Emotive Therapy (TRE) which focuses on controlling irrational or irrational ways of thinking with the aim of thinking more rationally. This research aims to: 1) To find out the process of implementing counseling guidance using Rational Emotive Therapy (TRE). 2) To find out what approaches are used by guidance and counseling teachers in Class IX B at SMP Negeri 1 Sambit Ponorogo when providing counseling guidance with rational emotive therapy (TRE). 3) To find out the results of the counseling process using rational and emotional therapy itself. The results of research and data analysis that have been carried out regarding the implementation of counseling guidance with rational emotive therapy (TRE) provided by teachers in dealing with students' anxiety due to bullying in BK in Class IX B at SMP Negeri 1 Sambit Ponorogo can be seen that in providing the guidance process Students who are victims of bullying proceed in accordance with the rational emotive theory (TRE) with the approach used by the guidance and counseling teacher in Class IX B at SMP Negeri 1 Sambit Ponorogo in providing a counseling guidance process with rational emotive therapy to students which is good, namely by providing Varying approaches when solving problems provide different approaches, such as an individual approach that is oriented towards a sense of calm and comfort in dealing with problems.

To examine the effect of rational emotive therapy on negative emotions among advanced schistosomiasis patients with repeated hospitalizations. A total of 97 advanced schistosomiasis patients with anxiety and depressive emotions that were hospitalized in Xiangyue Hospital of Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control for three times or more were enrolled, and given rational emotive therapy for 4 weeks in addition to routine nursing care. The scores for anxiety, depression and quality of life were estimated in patients before and after the rational emotive therapy using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SRS), the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and WHOQOL-BREF Form. The SAS and SDS scores were significantly lower 4 weeks following rational emotive therapy than before the intervention (SAS score, 45.40 ± 7.77 vs. 59.25 ± 9.29, t = 14.021, P < 0.01; 51.48 ± 8.01 vs. 63.93 ± 9.59, t = 12.991, P < 0.01). The percentages of patients with moderate and severe anxiety and depression were significantly lower 4 weeks following rational emotive therapy than before the intervention (P < 0.01), and the scores for each item in the quality of life were all significantly greater 4 weeks following rational emotive therapy than before the intervention (P < 0.01). Rational emotive therapy may improve the negative emotions and the quality of life of advanced schistosomiasis patients with repeated hospitalizations.

To explore the potential of Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) with clients of Chinese background, a brief review is conducted with respect to parallels between RET philosophy and some key components of Chinese culture and ways in which Chinese think. Arguments are advanced as to why RET is particularly suitable for use within a Chinese cultural context. Issues involved in using RET with Chinese clients are addressed including the appreciation many Chinese have for the logical and rational aspects of RET, the most appropriate type of client-counselor relationship to facilitate RET therapeutic progress, appropriate ways to dispute, and some cautionary words on the use of “emotive methods”. Areas where the RET counselor needs to be particularly sensitive to the cultural background of the client are highlighted.

Smoking is an act of waste and waste on property. The purpose of this study were to described: 1) smoking habits of students before giving Rational Emotive therapy? ; 2) student smoking habits after giving Rational Emotive therapy ?; and 3) the effectiveness of Rational Emotive counseling therapy in reducing students' smoking habits. This research was used pre test &amp; post test design. The population in this research were all class X students of SMAN 3 Pekanbaru who had smoking habits with totaling 32 students. To determine the sample of this study, the researcher used purposive sampling. Then, through this technique, 5 students were used as the research sample. Besides, the data was analysed by using "t" test. Moreover, the result of this research showed that: 1) before given emotive rational counseling therapy, students smoking habits are in the high category with an average score of 92.6 and an average percentage of 77.167%; 2) after given emotive rational counseling therapy have decreased, students smoking habit are in the medium category with an average score of 66.8 and an average percentage of 55.667%; and 3) there is a significant difference between students' smoking habits before and have been given emotive rational counseling therapy that is equal to 4,691. This means that rational emotive counseling therapy is effective to reduce student smoking habits.

Objective To study the effects and importance of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)on the psychological status and life quality of patients with tongue carcinoma after operation.Methods A total of 64 tongue cancer patients randomly divided into experiment group (n =32) and control group (n =32),routine nursing was given to the control group,while mental nursing of REBT was given to the patients of experiment group,including deeply conversation,debate about the unreasonable conviction,reasonable emotion imagination technique and homework of cognition etc.Respectively symptom check list-90 (SCL-90) and World Health Organization quality of life-100(WHOQOL-100) were adopted to evaluate the mental condition and life quality before and after the mental nursing.Results After intervention,the improved scores of anxiety,interpersonal relationship,and antagonism of experiment group were significantly better than that of control group [(0.77 ±0.38) vs (0.48 ±0.42),(0.32 ±0.39) vs (0.12 ±0.35),(0.22 ±0.39) vs (0.02 ±0.30) ; P ＜0.05)].In experiment group,the total average score of WHOQOL-100,and the factors scores such as psychology,independence,social relation and mental support and so on were significantly improved than that of control group (t =19.71,22.37,16.55,8.62,7.61,respectively ; P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The reasonable emotion therapy can obviously alleviate the anxiety and depression of tongue cancer sufferers which caused by the illness condition,and it also can improve the sufferers' mental status,improve the living quality of them. Key words: Tongue cancer; Life quality; Nursing; Reasonable emotion therapy; Mental status