Abstract
Developing a low cost, highly active and durable cathode material is a high-priority research direction toward the commercialization of low-temperature fuel cells. However, the high cost and low stability of useable materials remain a considerable challenge for the widespread adoption of fuel cell energy conversion devices. The electrochemical performance of fuel cells is still largely hindered by the high loading of noble metal catalyst (Pt/Pt alloy) at the cathode, which is necessary to facilitate the inherently sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Under these circumstances, the exploration of alternatives to replace expensive Pt-alloy for constructing highly efficient non-noble metal catalysts has been studied intensively and received great interest. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) a novel type of porous crystalline materials, have revealed potential application in the field of clean energy and demonstrated a number of advantages owing to their accessible high surface area, permanent porosity, and abundant metal/organic species. Recently, newly emerging MOFs materials have been used as templates and/or precursors to fabricate porous carbon and related functional nanomaterials, which exhibit excellent catalytic activities toward ORR or oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this review, recent advances in the use of MOF-derived functional nanomaterials as efficient electrocatalysts in fuel cells are summarized. Particularly, we focus on the rational design and synthesis of highly active and stable porous carbon-based electrocatalysts with various nanostructures by using the advantages of MOFs precursors. Finally, further understanding and development, future trends, and prospects of advanced MOF-derived nanomaterials for more promising applications of clean energy are presented.
Highlights
Obtained at 1000 ̋ C with a carbonization time−1 of 1 h, 5 h, and 10 h in O2 -saturated. Another method to fabricate N‐doped nanocarbon materials is through the use of Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as a sacrificial template/precursor with incorporation of a second precursor to achieve in situ N‐doped porous carbon with large surface area and narrow pore size distribution
Previous reports have demonstrated that incorporation of an ultrathin layer of MOF-derived nanocarbon on graphene oxide sheets could lead to the formation of a nanocarbon /graphene oxide/nanocarbon sandwich-like structure with high specific surface area and excellent electronic conductivity [28,29,30,31]
Based on the fact that the decrease of N-content in nitrogen‐doped graphitic porous carbons (NGPCs)/N-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) does not lead to a proportional drop in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity, the authors discovered that pyridinc‐N and pyrrolic‐
Summary
Fuels cells have the advantage of providing energy that is highly efficient with negligible environmental pollution and can be operated using virtually unlimited sources as reactants. Hydrogen (H2) as the fuel can react with the OH‐ and produce H2O and through an external circuit, while hydroxide ions reach the cathode through the electrolyte membrane. The electrons are transferred to the cathode through an external Both the anode and cathode electrodes consist of highly dispersed Pt-based catalysts loading on circuit, while hydroxide ions reach the cathode through the electrolyte membrane. The and heteroatom-doped-carbon materials (e.g., N-C, NS-C, NP-C) [19,20,21,22,23,24], have been a major focus non‐noble metal catalysts fabricated from MOFs precursors have been explored and demonstrate a of research due to their excellent activity, and low cost. MOFs have emerged as an extensive class of crystalline materials with ultrahigh porosity and
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