Abstract
Over the past few decades, the use of transition metal nanoparticles (NPs) in catalysis has attracted much attention and their use in C–C bond forming reactions constitutes one of their most important applications. A huge variety of metal NPs, which have showed high catalytic activity for C–C bond forming reactions, have been developed up to now. Many kinds of stabilizers, such as inorganic materials, magnetically recoverable materials, porous materials, organic–inorganic composites, carbon materials, polymers, and surfactants have been utilized to develop metal NPs catalysts. This review classified and outlined the categories of metal NPs by the type of support.
Highlights
Several sulfur-modified Au-supported metal (Pd, Ni, Ru, and Fe) catalysts were constructed by self-assembled metal NPs, which were encapsulated in a sulfated p-xylene polymer matrix, and showed high catalytic activities for several C–C coupling reactions (Scheme 13) [154,155,156,157,158]
Ha et al synthesized dual-responsive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) functionalized SBA-15. This material supported the fact that Pd NPs showed high catalytic activity for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions at room temperature, while the activity decreased at higher temperature than
Thiocarbamide-functionalized graphene oxide-supported RhPd NPs have been tried for the Knoevenagel condensation of malononitrile and aryl aldehydes and showed an excellent catalytic activity to give the product within 35 min at room temperature (Scheme 22) [201]
Summary
Homogeneous transition metal catalysts act in a pivotal role to achieve the above reactions, a huge kind of catalysts and ligands have been developed. Homogeneous catalysts have a number of drawbacks, in particular, the lack of reuse of the catalyst This leads to a loss of expensive metals and ligands and to impurities in the products. Since the pioneering works on C–C coupling reaction by metal NPs were reported by Reetz in 1996 [2,3], over the last few decades, the use of transition metal NPs in catalysis has expanded considerably and a huge variety of metal NP catalysts have been developed. This review classified and outlined the categories of metal NPs by the type of support, such as inorganic materials, magnetically recoverable materials, porous materials, organic–inorganic composites, carbon materials, polymers and surfactants (Scheme 1).
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